unit two part two vocabulary

101. Metacognition - Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes,
including knowledge about when and how to use particular cognitive strategies.
102. Method of Loci - A mnemonic technique involving the visualization of familiar
spatial environments to enhance the recall of information.
103. Misinformation Effect - The distortion of memory caused by exposure to
misleading information after an event, leading to inaccuracies or false memories.
104. Mnemonics -Memory aids or techniques used to improve encoding and retrieval of
information, such as acronyms, rhymes, or visual imagery.
105. Monocular Cue - Depth cues that require only one eye to perceive depth and
distance, such as relative size, interposition, and linear perspective.
106. Mood-Congruent Memory - The tendency to recall information or experiences that
are consistent with one's current mood or emotional state.
107. Multistore Model of Memory - A model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin,
describing memory as consisting of three stores: sensory memory, short-term memory,
and long-term memory.
108. Neurogenesis - The formation of new neurons, particularly in the hippocampus,
believed to play a role in learning, memory, and mood regulation.
109. Normal Curve - A bell-shaped curve representing the distribution of scores or
measurements in a population, with the majority of scores clustered around the mean.
110. Nudge - A subtle suggestion or reinforcement designed to influence people's behavior
or decisions without restricting their freedom of choice.
111. Overconfidence - The tendency to overestimate one's abilities, knowledge, or
judgment, often leading to errors in decision-making or problem-solving.
112. Parallel Processing - The simultaneous processing of multiple aspects of a stimulus
or problem, allowing for efficient cognitive functioning and perception.
113. Perception - The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information,
enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

114. Perception Adaptation - The ability to adjust to changed sensory input, such as
adapting to new eyeglasses or a reversed visual field.
115. Perceptual Constancy - The perceptual phenomenon where an object is perceived as
maintaining its size, shape, color, or brightness despite changes in the sensory input.
116. Perceptual Set - A mental predisposition or expectation that influences perception,
often based on prior experiences, motives, or context.
117. Phi Phenomenon - The illusion of movement created by the sequential flashing of
lights in adjacent locations.
118. Phonological Loop - A component of working memory responsible for the
temporary storage and rehearsal of verbal and auditory information.
119. Predictive Validity - The extent to which a test or measure accurately predicts future
performance or outcomes.
120. Primacy Effect - The tendency to remember the first items in a series better than the
middle items.
121. Priming - The activation of particular associations in memory, often unconsciously,
which can influence subsequent behavior or cognition.
122. Proactive Interference - The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new
information.
123. Procedural Memory - A type of long-term memory involving how to perform
different actions and skills.
124. Prospective Memory - Remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned
intention at some future point in time.
125. Prototype - A mental image or representation of the typical features or essential
characteristics of a category or concept.
126. Psychodynamic Theory - A view developed by Freud that emphasizes unconscious
psychological processes and contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping
adult personality.

127. Psychometrics - The field of study concerned with the theory and techniques of
psychological measurement, including the development and validation of psychological
tests.
128. Recall - The retrieval of previously learned information without the aid of external
cues, often tested by free recall or cued recall tasks.
129. Recency Effect - The tendency to remember the most recently presented information
best.
130. Recognition - The identification of previously encountered information from among
alternatives, often tested by multiple-choice or matching tasks.
131. Reconsolidaiton - The process by which previously consolidated memories may be
modified or altered when retrieved and then stored again.
132. Rehearsal - The conscious repetition of information to encode it for storage.
133. Relearning - The process of learning something again more quickly or efficiently
after it has been previously learned and forgotten.
134. Reliability - The consistency or stability of a measurement or test over time or
across different administrations.
135. Representativeness Heuristic - A mental shortcut where judgments or decisions are
based on how well an individual or event matches a particular prototype or stereotype.
136. Repression - A defense mechanism involving the unconscious exclusion or
suppression of anxiety-provoking thoughts, memories, or impulses from conscious
awareness.
137. Retinal Disparity - A binocular depth cue resulting from the slightly different images
projected onto each retina, allowing for depth perception and stereoscopic vision.
138. Retrieval - The process of accessing and bringing into consciousness previously
stored information from memory.
139. Retrieval Cues - Stimuli that help you retrieve a certain memory.

140. Retroactive Interference - The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old
information.
141. Retrograde Amnesia - Memory loss for events that occurred before a specific event,
injury, or trauma.
142. Richard Atinkson - An American psychologist known for his work on memory,
particularly the development of the modal model of memory with Richard Shiffrin.
143. Richard Shiffrin - An American psychologist known for his contributions to
memory research, particularly the development of the modal model of memory with
Richard Atkinson.
144. Robert Sternberg - An American psychologist known for his research on
intelligence, creativity, and love, particularly his triarchic theory of intelligence.
145. Savant Syndrome - A rare condition in which individuals with developmental
disorders such as autism display exceptional abilities or talents in specific areas, such as
music, art, or mathematics.
146. Schema - A cognitive framework or mental structure that organizes and interprets
information about the world, guiding perception, memory, and problem-solving.
147. Selective Attention - The ability to focus awareness on a particular stimulus or
aspect of the environment while ignoring others.
148. Semantic Encoding - The process of encoding the meaning or significance of
information into memory, leading to better retention and recall.
149. Sensation - The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive
and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
150. Sensory Memory - The brief and initial stage of memory processing where sensory
information is briefly registered and preserved in its original sensory form.
151. Serial Position Effect - The tendency to recall items from the beginning (primacy
effect) and end (recency effect) of a list more accurately than items from the middle.

152. Shallow Processing - A type of encoding that involves surface-level processing of
information based on its physical characteristics, leading to poor retention.
153. Short-Term Memory - The temporary storage system responsible for holding and
manipulating information for brief periods, typically lasting seconds to minutes.
154. Source Amnesia - Forgetting the source of a memory, such as where or how the
information was acquired, while retaining the memory itself.
155. Spacing Effect - The phenomenon where information is better remembered when it
is distributed over time with intervals between study sessions, compared to massed
practice or cramming.
156. Split-Half Reliability - The internal consistency of a test, assessed by comparing the
results of two halves of the test.
157. Standardization - The process of establishing uniform procedures for administering
and scoring a test to ensure its reliability and validity.
158. Stanford-Binet - A widely used intelligence test originally developed by Lewis
Terman at Stanford University, now in its fifth edition (SB-5).
159. State-Dependent Memory - The improved recall of information when the individual
is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed.
160. Stereotype Threat - The phenomenon where individuals feel at risk of conforming to
negative stereotypes about their social group, leading to decreased performance on tasks
requiring intellectual ability.
161. Stereotypes - Oversimplified and generalized beliefs about a particular group of
people.
162. Steven Pinker - A Canadian-American cognitive psychologist known for his research
on language, cognition, and evolutionary psychology, as well as his popular science
books.
163. Storage - The retention of encoded information over time in memory.

164. Stroboscopic Movement - A perceptual phenomenon where a rapid series of slightly
different images or frames create the illusion of continuous motion, as seen in motion
pictures.
165. Sunk Cost Fallacy - The fallacy of making decisions based on past investments
(time, money, resources) rather than on current and future benefits and costs.
166. Test-Retest Reliability - The consistency of a measure when the same test is
administered to the same people at two different points in time.
167. Testing Effect - The finding that retrieval practice, or actively recalling information
from memory, enhances long-term retention more effectively than simply re-studying the
material.
168. Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon - The experience of knowing that we know
something but being unable to access the information at that moment.
169. Top-Down Processing - An approach to perception that is guided by higher-level
knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations; involves the use of contextual
information in pattern recognition.
170. Validity - The extent to which a test or measure accurately assesses the construct or
concept it is intended to measure.
171. Visual Cliff - An experimental apparatus used to test depth perception and
visual-motor coordination in infants and animals, typically consisting of a glass-covered
platform with a drop-off.
172. Visuospatial Sketchpad - A component of working memory responsible for the
temporary storage and manipulation of visual and spatial information.
173. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - A widely used intelligence test designed for
adults, assessing various cognitive abilities including verbal comprehension, perceptual
reasoning, working memory, and processing speed.
174. Woflgang Kohler - A German psychologist known for his research on
problem-solving and insight learning with chimpanzees on the island of Tenerife.

175. Working Memory - A limited-capacity system responsible for the temporary storage
and manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks, often referred to as
the "mental workspace."