volcanoes

Q. assess the effectiveness of different methods of managing volcanic hazards.

Volcanic hazards include:

  • Lava flows

  • Tephra/Volcanic ash

  • Lava bombs

  • Pyroclastic flows

  • Gases/Acid rain

  • Lahars (mudflows)

  • Jökulhlaups

Methods of managing volcanic hazards include:

  • Prediction/Monitoring: Seismometers, chemical/gas sensors, ultrasound, visual observation, tiltmeters, GPS, historical records.

  • Diverting lava flows: Barriers, spraying water, explosions.

  • Strengthening roofs: To cope with ash fall.

  • Education and drills: Evacuation procedures.

  • Provision of emergency services.

  • Exclusion zones/Hazard mapping.

  • Increasing perception of risk.

Effectiveness may be assessed in terms of:

  • Cost-benefit analysis:

    • Benefit: Includes number of lives/homes saved (social), protection of environment, maintenance of economic activity.

    • Cost: Includes economic losses, environmental damage, disruption to lives/injuries/homelessness (social).

  • Effectiveness may vary according to the type of hazard and level of economic development of the location.

Marks awarded based on response quality:

  • Level 4 (16–20): Thorough discussion with sound conclusion, well-founded detail, strong understanding, effective examples.

  • Level 3 (11–15): Broadly evaluative response with some explanatory content, developed knowledge, and examples.