history notes
Aug 29/2024
The History of Quebec and Canada
Sec 3
Test 1: friday september 27
Unit 1:
The experience of the Indigenous Peoples + Colonization attempts.
Origins to 1608
Migrations that led to the settlement of North America
Because there are no written records, archeology(archaeologists) and other methods must be used to make hypotheses as to what happened in the prehistoric period.
Archeologists make hypotheses about the times when no one recorded anything in writing.
The Bering Strait Hypothesis:
It is the most widely accepted hypothesis that deals with the first migration to North America.
Approximately 32000 years ago, the earth was in an ice age that led to a drop in ocean levels- this led to a land bridge called BERINGIA between Asia and North America. (see page 14 document 7).
During this time period, many animals crossed this land bridge and people followed these animals-THIS WAS THE FIRST MIGRATION TO NORTH AMERICA.
The Bering Strait Hypothesis is the most widely accepted hypothesis that deals with the first migration to North America.
Aug 30/2024
The Ice-Free Corridor Hypothesis:
As the ice age ended, Many Glaciers were melting. As a result of this, an ice-free corridor emerged east of the Rocky Mountains. This allowed nomadic populations to migrate to use this corridor to North America.( See page 15, document 8)
This Corridor appeared approximately 12600 years ago.(textbook)
Approximately 12000 years ago, melting glaciers allowed indigenous people to settle in the territory where modern day Quebec is located.
The Individuals after crossing Beringia eventually moved away from Alaska because the climate was extremely cold and harsh, the land was not fertile(impossible to grow crops) and as the population increased they needed more space and land.
The Coastal Migration Hypothesis:
It was believed that nomads either used a canoe or a small boat to travel down the Pacific coast of North America. The body of water they used was the Pacific Ocean.(see page 15 document 9)
This hypothesis doesn't seem as feasible as the others because canoes can't handle the ocean environment. It wouldn't survive the currents and the waves of the ocean.
Language Families around 1500
By 1500, First Nations groups occupied the territory of modern day Quebec.
There were 3 different linguistic(language) groups settled in Quebec.
Iroquian -> They settled in the St.Lawrence lowlands or the St. Lawrence Valley( Montreal is located in where they settled)
Algonquian -> They settled on the Canadian Shield
Eskimo- Aleut(Inuktitut/Inuit) -> They settled in the Northern territory of Quebec.
Must See page 17 document 11
Sep 4/2024
Geographic Regions
Northern Quebec -> Inuit( Language: Eskimo Aleut or Inuktitut)
Canadian Shield -> Algonquian( Language: Algonquian)
St. Lawrence Lowlands or the St. Lawrence Valley -> Iroquois( Language: Iroquian)
The Inuit
The Inuit lived in the northern part of Quebec where the arctic climate was extremely harsh and where the ground is permanently frozen(Tundra) and there is very little vegetation.
The Inuit were nomadic(Opposite word is sedentary)- they moved according to the hunting season.
Hunting and fishing were their means of subsistence-the minimum of resources needed for the survival of a person or a group of people.
The men were responsible for the following activities:
Building dwellings(a place where somebody lives/a home). During the Winter months, They built igloos. In the Spring, Summer and Autumn, they built tents(the tents were made out of caribou skins).
Men were responsible for fishing or hunting sea mammals such as: seals and walruses. The men also hunted big game (anything that you could hunt) such as: caribou and moose.
The men built tools(out of animal bones) as well as boats(both animal bones and wood).
The Women Were responsible for the following activities:
Preparing the meals.
Caring for the children.
Hunting small game such as rabbits through traps.
They skinned and cleaned the sea mammals and whatever big game was killed.
They also made clothing from the animal skin.
The Inuit developed means of transportation adapted to the climate they lived in. For example, the Inuit used a boat called an UMIAK(it is a boat that can carry many people), a kayak, Snowshoes and a sled.
See page 20-21 everything.
Sep 5/2024
The Algonquians
They were nomadic.
They were hunters and gatherers. They also fished in the summer months but they were mainly hunters and gatherers.
They lived in Central Quebec(A huge territory) located in the geographic region called The Canadian Shield.
They were patriarchal(The men were in charge).
They lived in tents known as wigwams.
They lived in camps.
They used canoes, snowshoes and sleds to travel across their territory.
Patriarchal(men were in charge)
Algonquian language family
Wigwams
Nomadic
Shield(Canadian Shield), snowshoes, sleds
The soil on the Canadian Shield was infertile(not good for growing crops).This is why the Algonquians were nomadic.
See page 22-23 document 22 and 23.
The Iroquois
They were sedentary-they stayed in one area for a prolonged period of time(10 to 15 years).
They were farmers meaning their land was fertile.
They cultivated 3 crops known as the Three Sisters(corn, beans and squash).
They lived in the southern part of Quebec in the geographic region known as St Lawrence Lowlands or St Lawrence Valleys.
They lived in longhouses surrounded by a palisade(a tall wooden fence made from wood for protection against their enemies).
They lived in villages.
They used canoes and used the rivers and lakes as their highways.
In the winter months, they used snowshoes and sleds.
They were matriarchal(women were in charge).
Farming/farmers
Iroquoian Language Family
Longhouses
Matriarchal
Sisters(corn, beans, squash), St Lawrence(Lowlands or Valleys), Sedentary, Snowshoes, sleds
The soil in the St Lawrence Valley/Lowlands was fertile which meant for growing crops-this is why the Iroquois were sedentary.
See page 26-27 document 28-30.
Sep 6/2024
Social Relationships among the First Nation People(FNP)
Algonquian Social Organization: See page 29 document 33
Nuclear Family
Hunting Group
The Band
The Nation
Make sure this is in order going down for tests.
Iroquian Social Organization: See page 30 document 36
The Nuclear Family And Extended Family
The Clan
The Village
The Nation
The Confederacy(Or League)
Make sure this is in order going down for tests.
The Algonquians had a patrilineal social structure-their lineage(ancestry, heritage) was traced through the father and the children took the fathers name.
The Iroquois had a matrilineal social structure-their lineage(ancestry, heritage) was traced through the mother and the children took the mothers name.
Sep 18/2024
Indigenous spirituality(First nations, Inuit, Metis)
Indigenous spirituality was closely tied to the environment.
Indigenous people believed that humans were equal to all other beings and humans were not superior than nature.
The Algonqiuan and the Iroquois believed that all elements of their environment(humans, animals, plants, and rocks) had a spirit-THIS IS KNOWN AS ANIMISM.
Spiritual Practices
Indigenous people believed that there was a relationship between the living world and the spiritual world.
Indigenous peoples believed that they were able to communicate with the spiritual world in different ways- one way was through rituals.
Rituals often included dancing, singing, music and offerings.
The Shamanic tradition
A shaman is a spiritual advisor who is able to interpret dreams and give both physical and spiritual advice.
Dreams played a significant part in indigenous peoples lives as these dreams could be instructions or warnings- these dreams had to be interpreted correctly- indigenous people believed that shamans could best interpret dreams and shamans could connect with the spiritual world.
Indigenous people believed that shamans could predict the future and chase away evil spirits.
The Shaman was a very powerful and influential individual in their community.(see document 43, page 34)
Sep 19/2024
The Oral Tradition
Indigenous peoples did not use writing so their culture and knowledge were transmitted orally- this is known as the Oral Tradition.
The role of telling stories and passing on a family's history was given to the elders of the community/family.
The elders had the respect and the moral authority to transmit the values, beliefs and culture to future generations.
The sharing of goods
Although indigenous people had different ways of life(sedentary and nomadic) however, they shared the same ideas about territory.
Territory among indigenous people was seen as something to be shared by the whole nation-it was not seen as individual property.
Indigenous peoples did defend their territory from other nations.
Accumulating goods for personal purposes was not part of indigenous peoples culture.
The idea of making a profit was not part of indigenous peoples culture.
Indigenous peoples believed that they had to share the resources within their territory and they made sure everyone in the nation/community had what they needed to survive.
The Gift And The Counter-Gift
Indigenous people believed that it was their duty to give, receive and give gifts back in return-this was known as the gift and the counter gift.
Gifts were given when visiting a person or a family and they were also given at ceremonies(such as weddings, Bar Mitzvahs).
Gift giving and the counter-gift promoted the exchange of goods and was used for diplomacy(to get along with another group) and reinforcing alliances.
Accepting or rejecting a gift and a counter-gift was a sign of either accepting or rejecting proposals between nations.
Sep 20/2024
Decision Making Among Indigenous People
See page 31-32 in the book.
The appointment of chiefs
The Algonquians and the Iroquois were led by chiefs.
Chiefs were chosen based on the following characteristics/qualities:
Courage
Generosity
Bravery in battle
Hunting skills
Eloquence(The use of language to persuade and get others to follow you)(leaders like Hitler had this quality which led him to do terrible things.)
Decisions relating to all or part of an indigenous nation(Algongquians and Iroquois) were made by a council(a group of people who help at making decisions).
The chief never made a unilateral decision due to the council also having to agree with a decision.
The role of chiefs and elders
Chiefs ruled by rallying/persuading as many community/nation members as possible in order to reach a consensus(an agreement).
Chiefs did not have the power to force their decisions on the group.
The chief's strength was based on being able to convince/persuade members of their community that their decisions were good for the community, not bad for the community.
The elders played an influential role in community leadership - the elders had experience dealing with issues that affected their community.
The elders were highly respected in their community due to their experience.
Indigenous trade networks:
Economic activities:
Indigenous groups BARTERED/TRADED with each other (barter = to trade without the use of money)
bartering/trading was an important way to maintain ties among indigenous groups spread across all over north america. This trade network allowed goods/natural reasources/raw materials to travel far distances from other origions (where they were located)
The purpose of bartering/trading was not to make profits but to satisfy their basic needs - things needed for survival - food, shelter, clothing.
An example of this bartering is the following: the iroquois bartered surplus (extra) agricultural products such as corn, beans, squash, and tobacco with the algoncians for their surplus fur pelt/skin and meat.
Copper was valued by fnp because it could be melted down without very high temps. The fnp used the melted copper to make hooks, needles, knives, and arrow heads. Copper was transported from the great lakes to the iroquois, the algoncians, and even to the innuit
See page 38 and copy black box
The use of water waves in indigenous trade:
Indigenous peoples/fnp used rivers, lakes, and streams to travel by canoe to different trading posts throughout north america
Where it was impossible to travel by water they would use forest trails and portage (to carry a canoe over your head)
Trade expadetions (longer trip) could take a week up to 3 months
bartering/trading wass done at strategic locations often at the confluence(where two water ways meet) at two water ways
Alliances and rivalries among indigenous peoples:
System of alliances:
Alliances began among indigenous groups when they decided to communicate with each other in order to defend their interest (trade, defending each other, or to fight a common enemy)
Alliances among indigenous peoples were quite flexible - the joining and quitting these alliances was based on each groups changing interest. Over time, new indigenous alliances were made while others came to an end.
Causes of rivalry:
Boundaries of hunting territories
When a certain indigenous group wanted to control a specific trading good
When an indigenous group wanted other indigenous groups to pay a toll/fee for goods crossing their territory
Wars:
When rivalries/conflicts could not be resolved among indigenous groups - war usually followed
War among indigenous groups was common and war played an important role in indigenous culture
War offered indigenous warriors the oppertunity to show off their bravery.
The fate of prisoners taken during wars:
During wars prisoners were captured
Prisoners were taken to the enemy’s territory and they were withered killed or torture.
Sometimes, the iroquois adopted a prisoner of war to replace a family member that was killed in a war - this adopted prisoner would have the same social status as the person they replaced
First Contacts Between Indigenous People And Europeans
The Vikings Around 1000
The first Europeans to come to North America were the vikings - They came from northern Europe - The Scandinavian Countries - Norway, Sweden, Finland.
Around 1000, they settled in L’Anse aux Meadow in NFLD(Newfoundland).
They left North America 500 years after arriving.
They probably left North America due to conflicts with indigenous peoples and they ended up in Greenland.
The most famous vikings were Erik The Red and Leaf Erikson.
The Situation in Europe
During the second half of the 15th century, Europe was moving from the end of the middle ages to the start of the Renaissance period.
The Renaissance period marked the following:
The emergence of Humanism - The belief in human possibility.
The passion for knowledge
Interest in art, philosophy, literature and science.
During the Renaissance, there were major religious reforms and the printing press was invented(First thing made by the printing press was the bible).
The European powers were trying to consolidate and increase their wealth and power.
In 1453, The European powers faced an issue with trade - The Turks/Ottoman Empire took control of the city of Constantinople - This blocked access to trade routes that had been used by Europeans to reach Asia/the Orient - The Europeans would obtain supplies of spices, silk and other products.
Explorations in the 15 and 16 centuries
During this time period, major explorations were undertaken by the following countries:
Spain
France
England
Portugal
The goal of these explorations was to discover a new trade route to Asia.
The European explorers/sailors were able to use new inventions such as:
A new type of ship known as a caravel
Astrolabe
In 1492, Columbus was the first European who reached the west Indies.
In 1497, John Cabot landed in NFLD.
In 1522, Magellan was the first explorer to travel around the globe.
European Fisheries And Whaling
In the early 16th century, European ships, especially those from France, fished off the coast of NFLD and the gulf of St. Lawrence.
They were interested in cod fishing and whaling.
Oct 7/2024
Cod Fishing
In spring, Europeans crossed the Atlantic ocean and set up temporary fishery/fishing camps.
In the summer, they fished and prepared the fish for transport to Europe.
There are 2 types of fishery:
WET FISHERY - to preserve the fish/cod in salt.
DRY FISHERY - They would dry the fish/cod on the shore on wooden planks in the sun.
In the Fall/Autumn, the fishing boats would return to Europe and they would sell their fish in the marketplaces.
Whaling
Whales were mostly hunted by the Basques(individuals coming from a region between France and Spain).
After killing the whale, it was skinned.
Whale meat and blubber/fat were highly valuable.
Blubber/fat was melted into oil and was taken back to Europe where it was used to make soap, paint and heating/lighting oil for homes.
Products exchanged/bartered between Indigenous people and the Europeans
Whaling and fishing led to first encounters and bartering between Indigenous people and the Europeans.
The Indigenous people offered the European fisherman all different kinds of pelts/skins(BEAVER, fox, bear, otter, moose and caribou).
The Europeans offered the Indigenous people the following items:
Blankets made from wool
European style clothing
Beads
Metal objects such as:
Cauldrons(very large pot)
Axes and knives with metal blades
Nails
Hooks
Sewing needles
To the Europeans, beaver pelts/skins had a much higher value than the objects that they exchanged for them.
At this time in Europe, fur was becoming very fashionable - especially the manufacturing of beaver felt hats.
To the Indigenous people, the metal objects they received were very advantageous to them as they made their everyday lives easier. As a result, the Indigenous people hunted for more fur-bearing animals.
Because of the trade networks, European goods were now being spread throughout the network.
Oct 10/2024
The introduction of European goods interrupted the old trade networks between the indigenous people - rivalries began between indigenous groups in order to be able to trade with the Europeans and sometimes these rivalries could lead to armed conflicts between indigenous groups.
trade/bartering with the Europeans also had an impact on the environment - how? Over trapping of beavers and other wild fur in a certain region could lead to a shortage of beaver and a shortage of other wild fur.
Exploration and occupation of the territory by the French:
France organized expeditions of exploration with four main objectives/goals
Find the maritime route that would allow it to trade directly with Asia
Create a colonial empire to compete with its European rivals
Find precious metals to increase its wealth
Evangelize indigenous peoples. The king of France considered evangelization(to convert to the catholic religion) to be an essential duty of a catholic king
Jaques Cartier:
He made 3 voyages to north america
In 1534 king francis I of france set cartier on a mission to find a maritime route to Asia/the orient and to find resources
He arrived in STADACONA (modern day quebec city) where he met the Iroquois
Cartier claimed possession of this territory in the name of france - this upset the chief of the iroquois Donnacona.
On this voyage Cartier did not find any precious resources - however he took 2 of Donnacona’s sons back to France - proof that another civilization lived on the territory he claimed for the king of France
Cartier also brought back information that a maritime route to Asia might be possible.
After Cartier’s first voyage, the king of France sent him on another expedition.
So in 1535, Cartier set sail and arrived at HOCHELAGA(Modern day Montreal).
Cartier was unable to travel further down the saint lorence river because of the lachine rapids.
Cartier and his crew spent the winter in staticona - many of his crew died from a disease called scurvy
During the winter months cartier and his crew also came into conflict with the iroquois and in the spring of 1536 cartier and those crew members who survived the winter returned to france.
The second voyage = failure
Six years after the second voyage, in 1541, cartier set sail on his third voyage
On this voyage, cartier was instructed by the king o france to do the following: 1. Create a settlement colony in the saint lorence valley 2. Evangelize (convert an individual to christianity) the indigenous people living in the saint lorence valley.
The king of france put roberval in charge of the third voyage
On this third voyage, cartier, his crew, and roberval built 2 forts at cap - rouge near staticonna.
Cartier thought that he had discovered gold and he desperately wanted to return to france in 1542
Roberval ordered cartier to remain, however disobeyed his orders and returned to france
While in france, cartier found out that the gold he discovered was fools gold
Roberval and his crew spent the winter in cap rouge where it was extremely cold and extremely harsh - when spring finally arrived roberval ordered an end to the colonization of the territory
After the third voyage had failed, france temporarily gave up trying to settle its territory in north america.
The territory that was claimed by france in north america was called NEW FRANCE
A recap of cartier’s three voyages:
POSITIVES:
Cartier claimed territory in north america in the name of the king of france (new france)
Cartier made contact with groups of indigenous people (iroquois, algonquians)
Cartier explored and mapped the saint lorence river as far as hochelaga (modern day montreal)
NEGATIVE:
Cartier did not discover a new water route/maretime route to asia/the orient
Cartier did not establish a permanent settlement in the saint lorence valley
Cartier did not discover any predecease metals (gold or silver)
Other french colonization attempts in north america:
In the late 1500s, france became interested in the fur trade in north america.
The interest in the fur trade made france want to resume its colonization efforts in north america again - however this time its colonization efforts would not be in the saint lorence valley
Sable island:
In 1598, king henry the fourth of france ordered the marquis de la roche to create a colony in north america
The marquis chose sable island on the coast of nova scotia
He believed that this location would allow him to control the north american coast
In 1599, the marquis recruited 60 colonists and some solders and brought them to sable island
In 1602, the colony never received its supplies from france and bad weather and a lack of vegetation made survival very difficult
In 1603, 11 survivors sailed back to france
This first french attempt at resetlment in north america was a failure
Ile saint croix and port royal:
In 1604, the king of france asked a fur trader, pierre du Gua de Monts, to settle 60 people per year NEW FRANCE (the new name for the territory claimed for france)
In 1604, PGM founded a settlement on a small island called st croix(this island is located in the present day bay of fundi)
The winter weather was extremely cold and harsh, the colony/settlement lacked supplies, lacked food, and was isolated. So in the spring of 1605 PGM decided to move the settlement to port royal (located in modern day nova scotia)
By 1607, the king of france decided to shut down the colony and those who managed to survive returned to france.
The trading post at Tadoussac (1600):
A trading post is an establishment were indigenous people and europeans traded furs or fur pelts and european goods
A fur merchant, Pierre Chauvin established a trading post at tadoussac
Tadoussac was chosen because it offered the following advantages:
A specific location for trade
A place to store the fur pelts
A place to store the european goods
The disadvantage of tadoussac was that the soil was not very good for agriculture.
The franco-aboriginal alliance of 1603:
In 1603, in order to strengthen trade relations the algonqians and the Maliseet accepted the alliance with the french
For these 2 indigenous groups, this alliance guaranteed a supply of european goods and military aid against other indigenous groups especially against the iroquois.
By being part of this alliance, the french automatically became the enemies of the iroquois
The algonqians and the maliseet became intermediaries/go-betweens
This alliance was signed between chief Anadabijion and samuel champlain.
End of limits for test #2
Unit #2
The evolution of colonial society under French rule (1608 - 1760)
Samuel Champlain:
In the early 17th century, the king of France was interested in establishing a colony in New France.
In 1608, Champlain returned to new France and settled on a site near Stadacona (modern-day Quebec City). This settlement was to become the first French permanent settlement in north america.
He built a wooden fort on the site and named it l’habitation (see page 68 doc. 9)
Champlain chose this site and built l’habitation for three reasons:
The narrowness of the saint lorence river made it easier to monitor the comings and goings of ships.
The site was often visited by Indigenous peoples who were allied with the French, which also helped with the development of the fur trade
The Saint Charles River was a waterway that indigenous allies could use for the fur trade and this river was located close to l’habitation.
The site/territory arround l’habtiation was rich in fur so champlain began exploring the territory around l’habitation in order to find new sources of fur and other natural resources.
A trading colony versus a settlement colony:
Trading colony/post - they were established and operated by Europeans in order to barter/trade natural resources. Europeans occupied these trading colonies/posts temporarily in order to administer and to protect the interest of the mother country
Settlement colony - these were territories taken over by european countries in order to exploit raw materials/natural resources and to settle colonists (to bring people over and live there). Europeans settled permanently in this territory and formed an organized society
MERCANTILISM:
It was the french system of economic control of its colony.
Mother country = France in Europe
Colony = new France in North America
Under mercantilism, new France (colony) was nothing more than a source of natural resources/revenue for France (mother country)
New France's sole and only purpose was to provide the mother country/France with all natural resources found in new france.
New France was not allowed to sell any of its natural resources to any other countries.
New France was only allowed to buy manufactured goods from France only.
New France was not allowed to compete economically with france.
The fur trade and mercantalism:
The economic policy of mercantilism worked to the advantage of the mother country
The colony sole purpose was to serve the mother country
Mercantalism did not help the colony of new france to develope economically and it did not help the colony to settle people from france as there were very few economic opportunities and very few people who wanted to live in new france.
In the early 1600s, king henry the 4th of france wanted to create a settlement colony in new france - he believed that a settlement colony would better control the territory of new france and protect the french fur trade.
In order to create a settlement colony, he decided to grant/give french merchants a monopoly in the fur trade however in exchange for this monopoly (the exclusive control over a type of business or a resource) theses merchants had to transport settlers from france to new france
The exploration of the territory of new france:
With the help of fnp guides champlain explored the interior of the north american continent - he wanted to increase his knowledge of new france’s resources (1609 - 1615)
The organization of the fur trade:
After tadoussac, the french slowly established other trading posts in new france in order to build a trade network
The trade network established by the french relied on pre-existing trade relations with the fnp
Most of these trading posts were situated/located near a waterway or at a confluence two bodies of water
Bartering took place at these locations
Furs or fur pelts were transported from the trading posts by the fnp to the saint lowrence valley and were shipped to france by the french fur merchants.
Relations with the fnp:
Relations with the fnp were important for the colonization of new france.
These relations with the fnp had 2 objectives: the evangelization of the fnp
The catholic church was present in new france from the begining of the colony - they were there to convert all the fnp to catholicism. - in new france, there were 2 major religious comunities, the jesuits and the Recolletes
Members of these religious comunities became missionaries and their goal was to evangelize the fnp. Some missionaries lived in fnp communities and learned fnp languages. Some fnp did convert to catholicism and for those fnp who did convert to catholicism it created tensions and divisions in fnp communities
2. The strengthening of ties with the fnp who obtained furs for the french
In 1603, the french were allies with the algonqians and malaseet. In 1616, the french became allies with the huran - Wendat confederacy . through these alliances, the french agreed to wage way against their enemy the iroquois.
The alliance with the fnp in 1603, and the founding of the first permanent settlement in 1608 lead to the french slowly populating new france
The first french colonist in new france:
In 1617, louis Hebert was the first permanent french colonist to settle in new france - he was a farmer.
By 1627, only four families had settled in new france permanently
New france 1627 - 1663:
The population in new france at 1627:
In 1627, the population of new france was approximately 100 colonists of which 90% were men.
The population of new France was low for the following reasons
Those who had a monopoly in the fur trade had no interest in populating the colony
There was no need to bring french workers to new france because the fur merchants obtained their furs from the fnp.
Distance from France - People living in france had no interest in taking a long and dangerous voyage to an unknown land.
Indians - Horror stories of fnp raids frightened people from traveling to new france
Climate - the people of france did not want to come to new france because of its harsh and very cold winter climate
English colonies to the south - the french were enemies of the english in europe and that kept individuals from coming to new france because they feared that the 13 english colonies would possibly invade new france and were too close for neighbours.
The founding of the company of 100 associates:
In 1627, the company of 100 associates was established by Cardinal Richelieu
It was given a monopoly in the fur trade by King Louis XIII
The company of 100 associates was controlled by the state not by individuals
In exchange for the monopoly in the fur trade, the company of 100 associates was obligated to do the following:
To evangelize the fnp living in new france
The company had to bring over 4000 settlers to new france within 15 years
Difficulties encountered by the company of 100 associates:
In 1627, France and england were at war in europe and america
In 1628, the ships belonging to the company of 100 associates were attacked by the English (Kirke Brothers)
In 1629, english soldiers led by the kirke brothers attacked and took over the city of quebec - they took the fur pelts that were stored there and they forced some french to leave the colony including Champlain.
In 1632, England and france signed a peace treaty called the Treaty of st. Germain-en-Laye. This treaty gave new France back to France.
Because of the problems above the company of 100 associates was unable to carry out its obligations.
The founding of Trois Rivieres(1634)
In 1634, upon his return to New France, Champlain ordered a permanent fort to be built at Trois Rivieres.
The individual responsible for building the fort was Sieur de Laviolette.
By building a fort at Trois Rivieres, Champlain hoped to profit from the trade especially the fur trade that was beginning between the French and the FNP at the mouth of the Saint Maurice River and at the confluence of the Saint Maurice River and the Saint Lawrence River.
Just like the city of Quebec, Trois Rivieres was founded for business reasons related to the fur trade.
The seigneurial system
In 1627, the French government ordered the company of 100 associates to distribute land in New France using the French model of land distribution, which was already used in France.
THIS SYSTEM OF LAND DISTRIBUTION USED IN NEW FRANCE WAS CALLED THE SEIGNEURIAL SYSTEM.
Social organization:
The company of 100 associates granted tracts (large pieces of land) to SEIGNEURS
The seigneurs after receiving their tract of land divided the land into smaller lots called CENSIVES and the seigneur would rent a censive to censitaires
seigneury/seigneurie = it was the large piece of land given or granted to the seigneur
Seigneur = was an individual (usually someone of importance) granted a large piece of land or a tract of land
Censive = was the piece of land rented to a censitaire (usually an individual coming from France to settle in new france)
The responsibilities and duties of the seigneur and the censitaire
The seigneur and the censitaire both had specific responsibilities/duties which had to be done
Write down doc 19 page 76
Seigneurs role
Had to be loyal to the king of france
Had to give a censive to someone who agreed to certain requirements
Had to reserve any metal ores or oak on the seigneury for the king
Had to build a flour mill on their seigneury and keep it in good condition
If they sold their seigneury, they had to give one fith of the value of the sale to the king
They had to keep state authorities informed of the state of affaires of their seigneury (population, money collected from the censitaires, etc.).
Censitaires role
Had to work their land
Had to pay the seigneur an annual rent in form of a sum of money or a given quantity of produce from their farm
If censitaires needed a flour mill, they had to use the one on the seigneury and give the seigneur a portion of the milled grain
Had to provide an average of three days of unpaid labour a year to their seigneur
They had to maintain the roads that passed their censive
Who where the seigneurs:
They were nobles, members of the bourgeoisie (those who were wealthy), administrators, and military officers (seigneurs were male only)
Seigneurs were wealthy and influential members of society
The territorial organization of a seigneury:
Seigneuries were usually located along the Saint Lorence River or other major waterways
The reasons why seigneuries were located along major waterways were the following: 1. Waterways were important for travel 2. Waterways were important for communications
Seigneuries were also located perpendicular to the waterway
The censitaires land (censive) was rectangular in shape
The daily life on a seigneury:
Upon receiving their censive, the censitaire first had to clear the trees off their land before they could build their house or farm their land - this work was very difficult and in some instances it could take up to 2 to 3 years to clear the trees from the censive
Once the land was cleared a permanent house would slowly be built and the censitaire would begin to plough a small area of land and begin planting some crops
During the spring the summer and the autumn the censitaire and his family would be doing farm work
The censitaire’s wife also helped with the farm work however they were also responsible for looking after the children if they had children, preparing the meals and making clothes.
During the winter months, it was time to do crafts (wood work, knitting), playing cards and getting together with friends/neighbours and storytelling
Catholicism in new france:
Roman catholic church = RCC
The above chart shows what the RCC was responsible for in new france (NF)
Life cycle events: MASS was the religious service that catholics attended especially on sundays.
Baptism, marriage, funeral
Religious orders/religious communities:
Different religious orders/religious communities were created in new france (fn) to do the activities listed on the chart above except for the political column.
Soem of the religious orders/religious communities were female (nuns) and others were male (priests and munks)
The bishop, the priest, the monks, and the nuns were called the CLERGY
The above chart lists the different religious orders/communities in new france from 1611 to 1659
The evangelization of the fnp:
The RCC had the goal/objective of evangelizing the fnp in nf
The RCC believed that if many french from France came to settle in new france it would make it easier to evangelize the fnp (ASSIMALATION)
The RCC encouraged immigration to nf however only catholics were allowed to immigrate and settle in nf because nf was strictly a catholic colony.
Quiz on the 29th topics: mercantilism(fur trade inc.), seigneurial system, the catholic church in new france
The role of the bishop in nf:
The bishop was the religious leader of the catholic church in nf
He represented the pope in nf
The pope is the leader of the catholic church and lives in the Vatican in rome
The bishop upon receiving instructions from the pope sent pastoral letters (a written document in which a bishop passes on instructions to the parish priest) to the parish priest
A parish is a territory/area under the responsibility of a priest and in which he's responsible for the religious services
It was a parish priest's duty to pass on the instructions/information to the inhabitants of nf - this info was usually passed on during Sunday mass.
The first bishop of nf was Francois de Laval - he settled in nf in 1659
He was the most powerful and influential religious person in nf
It was his responsibility to make sure that the rules of the catholic church were being followed in nf
He founded the seminaire (seminary) de Quebec - it is a school to train the colony's priest
He also had a political role in nf he sat on the Sovereign council
The support and guidance for colonists in New France:
It was the responsibility of the catholic church to support and give guidance to the colonists of nf
The priest played a very important role in the lives of the colonists in New France - the priests were responsible for all religious services and life cycle events
The people of New France usually obeid their priest's instructions, went to mass regularly, followed the rituals of the catholic religion and paid a church tax called the TiTHE
The establishment of parishes:
In a parish, there was a church that offered religious services
The churches were not only religious places, they were also centers for social activities, community meetings, and life cycle events
The church also kept parish registers (it is a book which recorded all life cycle events in the parish)
The founding of ville-marie (1642)
In 1639, some men and women founded the Societe de notre-dame de Montreal
Even though the society of the Societe de Notre Dame… was not part of the catholic church they took on the mission of populating the Ile de Montreal with the objective of converting the fnp to catholicism (evangelization)
This project of evangelizing was the responsibility of Paul de Chomedey de Maisonneuve
In 1642, de Maisonneuve and Jeanne Mance founded Ville-Marie (will later become Montreal)
De Maisonneuve was a French military officer
Jeanne Mance was a member of the Societe de Notre Dame de Montreal
Jeanne Mance also founded the hotel-dieu hospital
The territory of New France:
In the early 1600s, the territory of NF started to expand (become larger)
The reason for the expansion of the territory was explorations by Champlain.
Champlain’s explorations allowed the French to further explore the interior of the North American continent
See page 86 doc. 34
Indigenous territories and European powers:
Starting in the 16th century, European powers (the French, the English, and the Dutch) claimed territories in North America
The European powers signed treaties with each other and claimed territory in North America without taking into account the FNP who were there before them.
French settlements in North America had an impact on First Nations' population
Ex: the granting of seigneuries and the settlement of colonists in new France pushed out large game from their hunting territory this meant that many Algonquian nations had to move farther north and farther west in order to continue hunting
Population of French origin in New France around 1663:
In 1663, the population of New France was approximately 3000 settlers
In the English and Dutch colonies located along the Atlantic east coast of North America there were approximately 80 000 settlers
The territory of New France in 1663 was much larger in size than the territory of the English and Dutch territories
The reason why New France’s population was small in comparison with the English and Dutch colonies was because the fur trade attracted mostly male immigrants to New France.
Because there were so few females in new France it created a demographic (population) imbalance between the male population and the female population
This demographic imbalance limited the number of marriages and births, which slowed New France’s demographic growth
See page 87 docs 36, 37, 39
The First Nations population:
In the first half of the 17th century, the fnp population decreased drastically due to European diseases (small pocks)
Between 1620 to 1650 the fnp population in the saint Lorence Valley decreased from 4500 to 2000
Two factors eventually slowed the population decrease of the fnp - 1. The development of immunity following epidemics 2. The isolation and low population density of the fnp
ACCULTURATION it is the process where one adopts foreign cultural practices in whole or in part.
The fnp in New France adopted European clothing, European tools and European weapons because they found these items more useful and effective in their everyday lives. However by the fnp maintaining their culture and traditions this was acculturation not assimilation
The economy of new france until 1663:
The economy of new France was still based primarily on the fur trade, however Iroquois attacks on French fnp allies slowed the trade in fur.
1608 - 1663:
Charted companies were responsible for the growth/development of NF => this was an absolute FAILURE
Ex of chartered companies: company of 100 associates
(1608) 500 people => 3000 people (1663)
New France 1663 - 1701:
The chartered companies (the company of 100 associates) had great difficulties bringing settlers to new france.
Seeing that the chartered companies were unable to meet their obligations, in 1663 the king of france LOUIS XIV decided to take control of new france
Louis XIV established ROYAL GOVERNMENT in order to accomplish three things - 1. Increase the population of new france 2. Exploit new frances resources 3. Diversify new france’s economy so it would not depend on only one natural resource (fur)
Prior to 1663 the chartered companies were responsible for administering the colony of New France
Beginning in 1663 with the implementation of royal government, king louis XIV had the ultimate power and royal government was not a democracy
New france was under complete control of france/king louis the XIV however the leaders living in new france could make local decisions but all important decisions were made in france
absolutism/the divine right of kings:
The king of france, Louis XIV ruled with out having to justify his decisions - this meant that his power was absolute
It was believed that the kings power came from God and this power could not be limited or disagreed with
Whoever questioned the king's decisions could be punished and in some instances put to death.
The organization/political structure of royal government
Royal government was not a democracy, the people of New France did not get to vote for the individual(s) who sat on the sovereign council
King - he held all the power in royal government
Minister of marine he was under the king's authority
He was responsible for administering all of France’s colonies around the globe
He lived in France and never traveled to New France
He sent the king's orders to the governor and the attendant who were located in New France
Governor
He was the highest authority in New France
He represented the king in New France
He was responsible for the following duties: 1. Relations with the fnp 2. Relations with the English and Dutch colonies located along the Atlantic east coast of north America 3. He commanded new france’s military
The intendant
He was responsible for the internal affairs of New France - finance, trade, economic development, justice and populating the colony
Sovereign council
It served as a court of appeal and it put into place administrative duties necessary for the development of new france
The military organization and the security of New France
The governor was the individual responsible for the military organization and the security of NF
He commanded the troupes and was responsible for the safety of the colonists
2 groups of men regular soldiers or Malitia men could be called upon to fight the enemy (the British and Dutch colonies and the Iroquois.
Regular soldier:
They were full-time soldiers trained to fight wars
They wore official military uniforms and were paid by France.
High-ranking officers came mostly from the French nobility
Even during peacetime, the king kept soldiers in new France to ensure security and order.
The regular soldiers were mostly located in the forts of nf
Militia men:
These were regular male inhabitants of NF
They were not professional soldiers
When the governor gave the order to fight or defend they fought alongside the regular soldiers or they were called upon to do certain tasks to help fight or defend
They were not usually paid
Their immediate commander was the captain of the Malitia
The security and the defense of the colony:
In 1665, the king of France sent the first military regiment to nf - THE CAIGNAN - SALIERES REGIMENT
The regiment was made up of 1200 soldiers and officers
They were ordered to ensure the security and defense of the colony and to fight the Iroquois
To protect the towns of NF, the governor ordered the malita to build forts - these forts were built at strategic locations throughout the colony
Ex: When the Carignan regiment arrived in nf, 2 groups in the Iroquois Confederacy, the Mohawk, and the Oneida continued to remain hostile towards the French in nf.
The French retaliated by burning Mohawk villages and their crops
The Mohawk and the Oneida after having their property destroyed made peace with the French
population growth in NF after 1663
The people who settled in NF mostly came from modest working-class backgrounds - most were farmers, labourers or craftspeople
Most who came to NF came from the Northwest provinces of France while some came from the south west provinces
See page 100 doc. 57
*the settlement policy of new France under royal government:
King Louis XIV gave the minister of marine (Colbert) the order to develop the colony of NF
Increasing the population of NF would help develop new France
Colbert appointed Jean talon as the intendent of NF and it was Talon’s responsibility to increase the population of NF
A major problem that faced NF with regard to population growth was that the number of men greatly outnumbered the women in the colony.
To fix this demographic imbalance, the king of france sent a group of young orphaned girls to nf - THE FILLES DU ROI
The filles du roi were sent to NF to try to correct the demographic imbalance and they were to find a husband and start a family ASAP
*france also took other measures to increase the population of NF
1. Ship captains leaving for NF were obliged to take colonists with them on their ships
2. The king, the French government, and Jean Talon put in place measures/incentives to encourage marriages and births
A. fathers could be fined if their sons weren't married by the age of 20 and if their daughters weren't married by the age of 16
B. on their wedding day, men 20 years and under and women 16 years and under received a monetary payment
C. parents who had 10 or more living children received a yearly monetary bonus from the government
All of the above are known as marriage or birth incentives
- a dowry (it is the property a woman brings to the marriage) was given to poor women who married French colonists
- it was the king of France who gave these dowries to the French women
- 4. The king of France gave certain prisoners the right to settle in New France - these prisoners were freed from French prisons and could start a new life in New France
- 5. Soldiers who were on duty in New France were given the opportunity to settle in New France - soldiers from the Carignan-Salieres regiment after serving their tour of duty were given the opportunity to receive some land. Approximately 400 soldiers took this opportunity and settled in New France
All of the five above measures including les filles de roi had a positive impact on population growth in new France.
The demographic imbalance between males and females slowly decreased and as time moved forward the demographic imbalance disappeared.
Natural increase - having babies:
population growth in new France from 1663 moving forward was mostly the result of natural increase, not immigration.
It was believed that the quality of life (enough food and clean water) in the Saint Lawrence Valley encouraged a high birth rate and a low death rate
By the late 1600s rate of natural increase in New France was exceptionally high in comparison with the rate of natural increase in France
New France’s population increase was due to 1. Natural increase. 2. Immigration
Cities in New France:
Quebec City was the capital of new france
The government and the sovereign council were both located in Quebec City
The cities of New France became the cultural centers of New France and those who lived in the cities especially the nobles and the borgoise attended cultural events such as plays, concerts and balls
In the cities there were also public squares - those who lived in the rural areas of New France sold their surplus products/ produce at the public squares (markets) and the people who lived in the cities purchased the produce and the products
The public squares were also a place where people socialized and got caught up with the news/events happening in New France
85% of the population of New France lived in rural areas
Rural = country-side
Urban = city
Since 85% of the population of New France lived in rural areas this meant that most of the land in new france was used for farming - New France was an agricultural society
As the population of nf continued to increase, the amount of land under cultivation also increased
Slavery in new france:
From 1700 - 1760 there were approximetly 2000 slaves in the Saint Lawrence valley - most were fnp
The fnp slaves were often canoeists for the fur merchants
In nf there were some black slaves and these slaves were usually domestic workers (maid/servent) for wealthy people or religious orders
Slaves had very few rights and were considered the property of their owner
Economic diversification:
Economic diversification is the building of an economy on a variety of economic activities so the economy does not rely on only one economic activity
Measures taken by different intendants to diversify the economy of nf
First intendant (jean talon)
Intendant Talon wanted to increase the agricultural production of nf in order to achieve the following: 1. Meet the agricultural needs of the colony 2. Produce surplus agricultural produce (wheat) to export to France.
In order to achieve his goals, talon brought over a variety of seeds in order to see which plants were most suitable to grow in nf’s climatic conditions