Computer Hardware and Safety

Module Overview

Module Objectives

By the end of this module, students should be able to:

  • Explain considerations when purchasing technology devices.

  • Describe the characteristics and uses of input and output devices.

  • Evaluate hardware.

  • Prevent and troubleshoot hardware theft or failure.

  • Distinguish among internal, external, and cloud-based storage.

  • Describe network hardware.

  • Explain the uses of cases, motherboard components, system clock, processor cooling, the arithmetic logic unit, the machine cycle, and registers.

  • Discuss ways to prevent health-related injuries and disorders caused by technology use.

  • Identify responsible e-waste and technology disposal techniques.

Module 2: Computer Hardware

Hardware Components

  • Hardware: Refers to the physical device and its components such as wires, cases, switches, and electronic circuits.

  • Components of computer hardware consist of:
      - Memory
      - Storage Devices
      - CPU
      - Input and Output Devices
      - Communication Devices

Virtual Memory

  • Virtual Memory is a technique that allows a computer to compensate for physical memory shortages by temporarily transferring data from RAM to disk storage.
    ![Figure 3-2: How a computer might use virtual memory]

Processor and Computer Memory

Processor Core

  • A processor core: A unit on the processor equipped with the circuitry needed to execute instructions.

  • Processors with multiple cores are termed multi-core processors and typically exhibit better performance.

Types of Computer Memory

  1. RAM (Random Access Memory)
       - Role: Temporarily holds data and programs being processed by the CPU.
       - It is volatile memory.
       - More applications running simultaneously require increased RAM.
       - When RAM is insufficient, a swap file or paging file is used on the hard drive to store data temporarily.
       - Virtual memory use may degrade performance.

  2. ROM (Read-Only Memory)
       - Role: Long-term storage for critical data.
       - Non-volatile memory that retains information even without power.
       - Includes firmware that manufacturers can update.

Types of RAM (Dynamic vs Static)

Type of RAM

Description

Volatile Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Needs constant recharging, contents erased when power is off.

Volatile Static RAM

Less frequent recharging than DRAM, generally more expensive.

Non-volatile Magneto-resistive RAM

Retains contents without power.

Non-volatile Flash Memory

Fast and typically less expensive, retains contents without power.

![Table 3-1: Types of RAM]

Considerations in Hardware Selection

  • Platform Considerations:
      - Software requirements based on specific platforms.
      - Compatibility with other devices.

  • Hardware Specifications:
      - Requirements for hardware to accomplish tasks.

  • Form Factor:
      - Stationary vs. mobile usage consideration.

  • Add-On Device Requirements:
      - Assessing additional devices necessary for task completion.
    ![Table 3-2: Factors to consider in buying a computer]

Evaluating Computer Types

Selecting the Right Computer

Specification

Recommended Solution

Processor Requirements

Choose based on the app requiring the highest processor capacity.

Memory Requirements

Select according to the app with the highest memory need. Basic browsing may suffice with 4 GB, while 32 GB might be required for high-end applications.

Storage Requirements

Ensure storage capacity exceeds the aggregate needs of all applications.

Other Hardware Requirements

Match the computer's specs with the highest requirements of your applications.

Types of Computers

  1. Desktop Computers: Includes system unit, monitor, keyboard, and mouse; usually stationary and under a desk.

  2. All-in-One Computers: Integrates system unit with the monitor.

  3. Laptops: Portable with integrated input and output devices (keyboard, touchpad, webcam, screen, and speakers).
       - Ultrathin Laptops: Lightweight, less powerful, and longer battery life.
       ![Figure 3-7: Laptop form factors]

Tablets

  1. Slate Tablets: Resembles a letter-sized pad, lacks a physical keyboard.

  2. Convertible Tablets: Features a screen and a detachable keyboard.
       ![Figure 3-8: Slate and convertible tablets]

Input and Output Devices

Overview


  • Scanners: Input devices that convert paper images to electronic formats.
      - Includes 3-D scanners for three-dimensional objects.


  • Printers: Output devices that create physical copies on various media (paper, film) and may connect wirelessly or via cable.

    ![Table 3-4: Types of printers]

    Type of Printer

    Description


    Inkjet Printer

    Sprays dots of ink onto paper.


    Laser Printer

    Uses laser and toner to produce prints.


    Multifunction Device (All-in-One)

    Can scan, copy, print, and fax.


    Mobile Printer

    Small, portable printer.


    Plotter

    Large-format printer for professional applications.


    3-D Printer

    Creates 3D objects using materials.

    Voice Output

    • Voice synthesizers convert text to speech, beneficial for users with visual impairments.

    • Projectors display output on large surfaces, often mirroring computer monitor output.
      ![Figure 3-20: Projector and screen]

    Installing and Evaluating Hardware

    Initial Setup Steps

    • Confirm all components are intact and undamaged.

    • Read manuals for instructions on setup.

    • Unpack components carefully and charge laptops if applicable.

    • Connect components before powering on the device.
      ![Figure 3-21: User manuals provide safe setup instructions]

    Peripheral Device Installation

    • Wireless peripherals require installation directly to your computer.

    • Plug-and-Play Devices are activated upon connection.

    • Device Driver: A program permitting communication between the OS and peripheral devices (e.g., printers, monitors).

    Processor Basics

    • Clock Speed: Measures execution speed in instructions per cycle.

    • Cycle: Minimum time unit for process measurement.

    • Bus Width: Defines data travel speed.

    • Benchmark: Performance measurement test conducted in laboratories.

    Security and Maintenance

    Reducing Hardware Theft

    • High mobility of devices poses theft risks.

    • Secure laptops with cable locks and keep devices out of sight in risky areas.
      ![Figure 3-22: Laptop cable lock]

    Device Maintenance

    • Clean screens with damp cloths and keyboards using compressed air.

    • Protect electronics from extreme conditions using Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) and Surge Suppressors.
      ![Figure 3-23: Uninterruptible power supply]

    Understanding Electrical Changes

    Electrical Change

    Explanation

    Blackout

    Complete power loss.

    Brownout

    Temporary voltage drop.

    Spike

    Short voltage increase.

    Surge

    Brief voltage increase.

    Noise

    Unwanted high-frequency energy.

    ![Table 3-5: Electrical changes]

    Data Protection

    • Restoring Operating Systems: Reversions or backups of OS settings.

    • Data Backups: Essential for safeguarding against hardware failures and cyber threats.

    Understanding Network Infrastructure

    • Wireless Routers: Central devices for home Wi-Fi networks.

    • Wi-Fi networks face risks, including data interception and malware insertion.
      ![Figure 3-25: Wireless router]

    Storage Solutions

    Storage Types

    1. Internal Hard Drives: Installed within your computer for standard use.

    2. External Hard Drives: Provides additional storage capacity.

    3. Magnetic HDDs vs. Solid-State Drives (SSDs):
         - HDDs offer larger storage, while SSDs are faster and more durable.

    Optical Media

    • Utilize laser technology for storage; includes CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs.

    • Optical media is less common now than USB flash drives and cloud storage for file transport.

    Understanding Cloud Storage

    • Cloud storage allows for remote data file storage on internet-connected servers.

    • Requires an internet connection for access and is managed by storage providers.
      ![Figure 3-28: Cloud storage]

    Network Hardware Characteristics

    Network Basics

    • Networks share resources like data and hardware through software and hardware integration.

    Network Nodes

    • Nodes: Include computers, tablets, and smart devices.

    • Hub: Central device transferring data across nodes.

    • Switch: A more intelligent hub directing data specifically.

    • Router: Connects multiple networks and manages data flow.

    • Modem: Links communication channels to devices such as computers.

    • A Network Interface Card (NIC) is essential for connecting computers to networks.

    Digital Modems

    • Modern modems are digital for efficient data transmission.

    • Common types include Cable and DSL modems, each utilizing respective existing infrastructures to transmit data.
      ![Figure 3-29: Modems can connect many devices to the Internet]

    Inside the Computer Case

    Cooling Systems

    • Processors generate heat; heat sinks, liquid cooling, and cooling pads mitigate this risk.
      ![Figure 3-30: Typical components of a higher-end desktop and laptop]

    Motherboard and Chip Design

    • Circuits for processing and memory are often integrated on a computer chip consisting of a semiconducting material.
      ![Figure 3-31: A desktop and laptop motherboard]

    Machine Cycle Operations

    • Four primary operations are performed by the processor in a machine cycle:
        - Fetching: Retrieving instructions from memory.
        - Decoding: Interpreting instructions into executable signals.
        - Executing: Performing the instructed operations.
        - Storing: Writing results back to memory.
      ![Figure 3-32: The steps in the machine cycle]

    Register Functionality

    • Registers are high-speed storage areas within the processor that temporarily hold instructions and data.

    • Functions include tracking data locations and managing instruction commands.

    Ergonomics and Health Concerns

    • Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) involves discomfort from prolonged technology use, affecting muscles and nerves, primarily in upper body regions.

    Risks Associated with Technology Use
    Behavioral Hazards

    • Technology addiction leads to obsessive usage patterns, alongside sedentary behavior contributing to physical and psychological issues.

    Cyberbullying and Doxing

    • Cyberbullying can leave lasting emotional damage, amplified through visibility and potential for widespread impact.

    • Doxing entails sharing personal data online, posing risks to privacy and safety.

    Responsible Hardware Disposal

    E-Waste Concerns

    • Electronic waste (e-waste) contains hazardous materials that can contaminate the environment.

    Responsible Disposal Methods

    • Recycling Facilities: Safely process e-waste.

    • Donating: Provide functional equipment to organizations.

    • Retaining Green Practices: Buy sustainable equipment and recycle obsolete technology.
      ![Table 3-8: SEM action steps]