HDE 12

Chapter 1:

  • “Sexuality impacts all aspects of our lives- the mind, boyd, heart, and spirit” (page 1)

  • “sexual well-being: The condition of experiencing good health, pleasure, and satisfaction in intimate relationships.”

  • “holistic sexuality:The integration of body, mind, feelings, and social life through your sexuality.”

  • Sexual identity and gender experience is impacted with age, what you believe in, family members, etc.

  • To be able to achieve sexual literacy you need to know your body,emotions, your preferred desires, sexual expression and know you own identity

  • Social literacy can also be viewed bad because of influencers saying its not very appropriate

  • Sexual well being is based on the focus of a positive physical, mental and social which connects with having a good healthy and pleasing relationship

  • “4 elements fundamental to achieving sexual well being: Pleasure, protection, focus and purpose in life”

    • Pleasure: joy and fun

      • it's an acceptance of yourself

      • your body and sexual selfhood

      • makes you feel better about yourself

    • Protection: prevents any type of disease or infection you can get

      • by protecting yourself you are capable of doing sexual negotiation in bullying, date rape, and sexual harrassment

      • You are also understanding any type of sexual difficulties that people experience in life

    • Focus: you are giving your whole attention on the activity

      • Focusing increases your life stamina

      • You feel connected to yourself

      • You develop a sense of happiness/satisfaction

      • “In holistic sexuality, focus means being present and fully alert to what you feel sexually, what a prospective partner may say or do, and how your pleasure and self-protection create sexual empowerment” (page 5)

      • You can create relationships that will make you use your feelings and needs

    • Purpose in life: “strengthens our basic sense of identity and validates our existence in the world, including our love and romantic relationship”

      • Purpose in life helps people realize that they can make he world a better place

      • With purpose we extend our “sense of pleasure, protection, and well-being

  • COMMUNICATION MATTERS ESPECIALLY IN RELATIONSHIPS

  • Sexual science: study of sexual behavior in human species, cultures and individuals.

  • Sexology is the study of sexual behavior, interest and functions

  • Sex knowledge started in medical and sex acts were seen as a negative symptom that nobody had an explanation for (for example people desiring to have sex with animals, or sexual attraction to dead bodies)

  • Back in the 19th century there was a fear of people doing sexual activities with the same gender and no reproduction for the future

  • “sexual degeneracy: Impairment or decline of sexual function.”(decline in reproducing with different sex)

  • People who liked a different gender were seen as a mental illness

  • Masturbation was seen as a sexual disease in the 19th centry

  • 19th century belief

    • Physicians all males, biased towards women and children

    • Females are only for reproduction and mothering

    • Females were not allowed to have sexual desires or pleasure

    • Women were seen fragile and innocent and seen as “uncontrollable sex urges”

    • Controlled women mostly of color and immigrants

  • Fun fact: graham cracker, granola cereal and peanut butter made to prevent people with their sexual problems

  • Left off on page 10

  • Evolution: change occurring in generations in life forms which will be passed on to the next

  • “When something went wrong in evolution or human development it could cause sexual symptoms

  • Fetishism (attraction to objects or human appendages like toes) was suggested as a disease

  • Kraft ebbing was a german psychiatrist who tried to find treatment for others of their sexual urges because it was seen as a disease

  • The “not normal” people with different sexual urges were called perversions(“Sexual urges or acts considered unusual or extreme in that culture”)

  • Magnus Hirschfeld was different because he influenced people about their sexual urges and different gender sex

  • Sigmund freud

    • Studied the human minds in personality, sexually and symbolism

    • Treated sexuality from infancy “as a fundamental part of human nature”

    • Viewed sex as a mental disorder

    • Believed that children had sexual urges too and had to bottle up their feelings about it because it was not acceptable to the society

    • Believed that bringing up feelings and desires as a child would cure sexual symptoms and mental illness later on

    • Used hypnosis “as a tool for helping his patients uncover their unconscious motives, including their incestuous fantasies” which he believed was just a normal expression from early childhood of sexual attraction “of a boy toward his mother and a girl toward her father”

    • His studies brought him to the conclusion that your childhood led to the assumption that sexual development ceases after childhood

    • Viewed sexual abuse in communities or families as a childhood attraction

    • The body has erogenous zones (sensitive spots like mouth, genital and anus are highly sensitive to sexual stimulation)

  • Sexuality is “always part of culture and is adaptive to the context of behavior”

  • In the 20th century sex ws still viewed as “symptom of disease, an expression of sin or the product of abnormal personality”

  • Alfred Kinsey

    • Focused on people sexual behavior in the real world

    • Viewed sex as a good thing

    • Studied about these ‘abnormal sex interest’ and saw that these variations of liking in sex is normal plus bisexuality is normal too

  • Mary Calderone

    • 1st female doctor to “promote contraceptives and adopt more positive view of human sexuality

    • Believed that women had rights in sexual desires as well

    • She didn't support sex outside of marriage

  • William Masters and Virginia Johnson

    • They both worked together to figure out why people get aroused and why some couldn't have a orgasm

    • Master would help people find enjoyment and satisfaction in their sexual lives before doing the research

    • They both helped couples deal with “sexual dysfunctions, broadly defiend negatively as problems that interfere with enjoyment of sexual intercourse or with orgasm

    • Helped with people feel comfortable with sex (this method had a success of 80%)

    • They would study people for their research by using a 2 way mirror but the problem with this is some people knew they were being watched and would have more sex or more orgasm than they would normally have which caused some dysfunction to their research”

    • They found out that women can have multiple orgasm and there is a period after intercourse called refractory period(when men cannot ejaculate).

  • Mich Foucault

    • He found out that languages about sexuality in laws and society causes sexual emotions and human sexual behavior “including individual sexual expression and reproduction”

  • Oral and anal sex was more common and was more considerable in whites, african americans and hispanics (1994)

  • 1970s and 1980s they seen sex was influenced more by society and culture rather than by biology

  • “social construction: The social, cultural, political, economic, and other institutional forces that shape sexual behavior.”

  • Interdisciplinary Perspectives

    • Study of sexuality “involves biological, social, psychological and health sciences”

    • Interdisciplinary Perspectives: “The holistic integration of research in different disciplines to describe and explain all of human sexuality.”

      • This helps interrogate all aspects “of the field of human sexuality”

  • Racism can have a negative impact on a developing fetus

  • Doing a research on sexual science

    • Quantitative research

    • Qualitative research

    • Objectivity(bias of personal absence)

    • Hypothesis

    • Generalizability(research findings and conclusions from a study conducted on a sample population can be applied, or generalized, to the population at large)

    • Reliability(The consistency of measures by testing them in repeated experiments)

    • Validity(a test measure what it claims to measure)

    • Dependent variable (ex. Temperature affects sexual desire)

    • Independent variable

    • Correlation

    • Bias

    • Case study research

    • Direct observation

    • Experiment research

    • Participatory action research (PAR):Collecting information that honors, centers, and reflects the experiences of people most directly affected by issues in their communities

      • Methods for this: community based surveys, group discussions, individual interviews or photo/video documentation

  • Surveys and interviews are very helpful for sex research

  • Without sexual rights people “cannot hope to secure a positive and respectful approach to sexuality, pleasure and relationship free of coercion and violence, and focused on sexual, gender, and reproductive well-being

  • Universal Human right: freedom to speech, religion , violence or intimidation

    • Sexual abuse, torture and violation brought up for universal human rights

  • “The US has led the way in some areas of sexuality rights, but in other areas, such as reproductive and transgender rights, it has fallen behind”(page 27)

  • Sexual rights was added to the human rights

    • Right to equality and nondiscrimination

    • Right to teach and learn about sex

    • respect people's bodies

    • Be sexually active or not

    • Choose when and how to have children or not

    • Pursue sexual pleasure in a safe and satisfying way

  • PAGE 28 IS A SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1

  • Question from the chapter quiz answer

    • Integrating body,mind,feelings and social life through sexuality is known as holistic sexuality

    • In holistic sexuality, focus means being present and fully alert to what you feel sexually, what a prospective partner may say or do, and how your pleasure and self-protection fit the circumstance.

    • Sexology? It has evolved to be a much more positive study than it began.

    • According to 19th-century doctors, which of the following would have been considered problematic? Bisexuality, masturbation and sex for pleasure only

    • Sexuality literacy is defined as the knowledge and skills needed to promote and protect sexual well-being.

    • sexual selfhood: the totality of oneself as a sexual being, including positive and negative feelings

    • Sexual negotiation: discussion and interaction that lead to agreement about sexual relationships

    • Sexual empowerment: taking responsibility for one's own sexuality, making one's own choices, and respecting one's own needs, desires, and values

    • four elements needed to achieve sexual well-being: Pleasure, protection, purpose and focus

    • Sexual science is the study of sexual behavior across all the human species, all Cultures and all individuals

    • 19th century physicians males viewed women that they had uncontrollable sexual urges

    • Sexual degeneracy is defined as the impairment of sexual function.

    • late-19th-century trend of studying sexuality in a scientific manner began in Europe

    • Krafft-Ebing's treatment recommendations for treatments reveal that he was progressive and emphatic as compared to his peers.

    • Magnus Hirschfeld was the researcher privately helped found the homosexual rights movement in Germany

    • Havelock Ellis's clinical studies continue to fascinate scientists because they are meticulous and objective

    • Freud's approach to sexuality is that it is built upon the question of frustrated pleasure and family dynamics

    • Darwin used the theory of evolution to explain how sexuality contributes to the diversity of life.

    • Richard von Krafft-Ebing's most famous work was called psychopathia sexualis

    • Magnus Hirschfeld: founded the Institute for Sexual Research in Berlin, a first-of-its-kind treatment center

    • Fetishism: term did Richard von Krafft-Ebing famously coin through his work and research

    • foundational in Freud's psychoanalysis: Talking therapy,dreams and free association

    • According to Marget Mead, culture is more important than personality or biology in the development of sexual behavior.

    • According to Freud, biological bisexuality is the idea that people may be naturally attracted to both sexes.

    • Indicative of 20th-century progressive sex researchers' work to reform society's understanding of sexuality was their belief that marriage should be based on love and mutual attraction between equals.

    • MArgaret mead saw that the great turbulence in sex life is adolescence

    • In a somewhat controversial fashion, Kinsey's work highlighted the discrepancy between public standards of behavior and actual sexual behavior.

    • Along with two colleagues, Kinsey expanded his 1937 study of sexual behavior to include Blank representative samples, individuals who represent diverse segments of the population of interest.

    • Sexual dysfunction is broadly defined as problems shared by couples that interfere with enjoyment or sexual intercourse or with orgasm.

    • Michael Foucault challenged Freud's ideas of sexual unconsciousness and claimed that history, context, roles and ideas shapes sexuality

    • the three primary goals of interdisciplinary sexuality research: to better understand human sexual behavior, to help predict the sexual behaviors of others and to influence laws and policies regarding sexual behavior

    • Social justice is defined as the fair distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges in society that imply respect, dignity, and the application of human rights in people's daily lives.

    • Ethical guidelines in research include: ensuring that data collection is done anonymously ensuring that no harm is done to participants authenticating that the participants' attitudes, experiences and behaviors are truthful ensuring that participants are of legal age

    • Qualitative research involves the collection and analysis of data to search for patterns and themes.

    • the criticisms of Foucault's work: He focused more on language than on actual social behavior and He tended to focus too exclusively on Western society.

    • Reliability refers to the extent to which a measure, procedure, or instrument yields the same results on repeated trials.

    • Case studies are often based on the retrospective self-report, which is an account of a memory of an event in one's life

    • Surveys and interviews are ways to identify: Knowledge, behaviors and attitudes

    • The hypothesis is the proposition set forth to explain some observation, method, or data analysis.

    • The relationship between two variables is called a correlation

    • Advantages to face-to-face interviews is: the interview can vary the sequence of questions depending on response, ask follow up questions for clarification and they allow researchers to build rapport

    • The relationship between two variables is called a

    • Internet questionnaires are increasingly popular with researchers because they have almost zero methodological issues.(FALSE)

    • Direct observation in sex research has the possible disadvantage of SELF-SELECTION, which means that people who are uncomfortable with themselves, their body, and their sexual performance are unlikely to agree to participate.

    • Sexuality research that is experimental often focuses on physiological responses to various stimuli.

    • The World Health Organization has played the most critical role in championing the link between sexual health and reproductive, sexual, and gender orientation rights

    • The call for human rights as a global perspective has its roots in the experiences of WW2

Chapter 2

  • Only humans have rules and beliefs about sex that has become a cultural, individuality and religion way also emotional bonding

  • Human Sexality is consisted of the three elements: Species (you are like all others of your species), Culture/Religion(you share similar things with some others) and Individuality (you are like no others)

  • “The essence of our species is in the genes, hormones, brains, and culture of every individual and can be passed on through evolution and procreation” (page 33) this impacts humans growth and development

  • Procreation: Conception of offspring

  • 95% of human sex is for recreation not procreation

  • An animal that enjoys sex like humans is bonobo chimpanzee

    • Chimpanzee and humans share 98% of our genes

    • Have the same set of minds just like human in sex

  • In the Bonobo society, females control the males in order to share resources and protect each other

    • Chimpanzees, females are dominant and organize group not men\

    • Females chimpanzees are sexually active “and attracted to mates year round

    • Only 1 offspring every 5-6 years

    • To chimpanzees sex is the motive for them rather than procreation

    • 75% of all bonobo sexual behavior is nonreproductive

    • Females chimpanzee have emotional ad physiological responses “that closely resemble human orgasm”

    • Sexual episode last only 13 seoconds for bonobo

  • Estrus: “the recurring time when a female ovulates and is most receptive to becoming pregnant

  • Culture give human a sense of “group cohsieon, shared meaning and identity, and also establishes standards for acceptable behavior called norms”

  • Norms:”Cultural rules about acceptable behavior.”

  • Culture is a major part of humans because it brought successes to human kind

  • Our brains are not fully developed in our first 3 years of life

  • Through language we culture

  • “We have deeply held beliefs about ultimate concerns, especially the meaning of life, death, and immortality, which are the basis of culture, history and religion

  • Human package for evolution: human brain, language and culture

    • This package made “possible human sexual expression and reproduction and adaption to all environments”

  • Human sexual nature: “The combination of human culture and human nature working together to produce sexual behavior.”

  • Pair bonding: tthe sexual and romantic association between 2 people

    • Provided advantages to individuals and groups in reproduction, protection, sharing food and water resources

  • “Language and culture also increased our thinking and reasoning abilities and allowed us to pass on the shared meaning and knowledge to the next generation

  • Having norms as humans is an advantage because we wont act like salvages and sex wont be a competition amoung humans but more of a pleasure

  • Human sexual nature is emotional bonding, pleasure and communication and reproduction and power

  • “Incest taboo: Social or cultural prohibition against sex between close family members.”

  • Emotional satisfaction in two people will create lifelong bonds through attraction and nesting (feamles do not just want to procreate they want to mate with the person who will provide strong genes for their offspring)

    • Nesting helps with falling in love, staying together, marrying for life

  • Humans communicate through music, art, rituals and dancing sometimes

  • Prehistoric paintings were expressed back in the old days to communicate in ritual and connect with the realm of spirits

  • Civilaztion has been shaped by sexual culture

    • Each human group developed their own sexual culture to express morlity and sex

  • “The rise of civilization and diverse forms of sexuality are thus linked to the great world religions (Religions that have huge followings around the world, have roots in traditional holy texts and moral principles, and have changed the course of history.)

  • “Asian civilizations evolved complex(not acceptable) sexual cultures that celebrated fertility and pleasure as well as procreation through marriage

  • In ancient greece they supported sexual pleasure but to a restraint. Their sexual culture was based on male dominant and women were limited. They thought too muc sex was bad for the health

  • Greek accpeted same sex relations because they thought their ruler Zeus would do it for offsprings

    • Young men had sexual relations with older men to gain social status, masculinity, and honor to be considered as free man

    • Married men have relationships with younger males in their late teens..

    • These relationship was based on sex,love, and mentoring to “make the youths into proud free citizens”

    • Same sex later on was discourage

    • These relations were just on slaves and prositutes because they wouldnt lose power if produced a offspring

  • During the 500 to 1500 CE oral and anal sex, sex with animals and sex between people of different cultures were labeled as sodomy(unatural sex)

  • Christian knights evolved a new sexual/romantic code chivalry(focused on purity of heart and body, chastity for females, and honor in war

  • Sexual virtue: men had valor(they form sexual virtue) and women were virgens before marriage

  • Women and sexuality was contolled through relgious institutions and excluded from all religious leadership

  • The church was dominant when it came sexual interactions or their own beliefs of god. If questioned they would be tortured or imprisoned

  • At the time of the American revolution sexual pleasure and sexual expression were part of peoples lives again all the founding fathers did infidelity, sex in slaves and repression of women rights

  • Victorian era, sex should be private and hidden from children and it was never polite to mention in society

    • Women were viewed as house wives and they would wear corsets, stay at home, uneducated, spiritually and morally pure, good hygiene, passive and religious, so they can be seen as christian womens

    • Women “lacked sex drives but had ‘mothering drives’”

    • Women are just toys and couldnt have pleasure or enjoy in sex

    • Male were dominant and seen not pure because they know what they are doing

    • Kids were meant to be kept innocent and know not sexual things

  • Sexual identity: self identification by an individual as heterosexual, bisexual or homosexual

  • 19th admendent is women have the right to vote

  • 19th century view on women were different in sexual expression, and relationships such as family

  • Women were free to do what men can do

  • Companionate marriage: The cultural idea that a man and woman are not just sex partners but also social and intellectual companions and equals for life.

  • Casual sex and premarital sex increased more during the Roaring Twenties era

  • Aids was seen a sexually transmitted infection by gay men

  • Sexual cultures has helped with regulations of morality, womens and mens power, sexual practice and sexual health and well being

  • Sexual norm: the standard of sexual behavior expected of people in aq particular role, relationship, and situation

    • Your sexual attitude changes depending on where you are doing it ex. Bedroom or mall

  • Sexual socialization: The application of a culture’s blueprints to sexual feelings, thoughts, and behaviors; the process of learning values and norms of sexual behaviors.

    • Sexual socialization can influence areas of sexuality, “from babies to elder”

  • Sexual norm is so different in cultures

  • Cultural chauvinism:The belief that one’s cultural norms are superior to the norms of another’s group.

  • Abnormal or normal doesnt exist everything is different in sex likings or desires

    • Normal meaning you fit in with cultural behaviors (sex approving)

    • Abnormal you are an outcast(sex disapproving)

  • Sexual attitudes can be disapproved or approved in sexual norms, values, attitudes and institution

  • Some cultures are positive about sex

  • In th US kids are less knowledge about sex than kids in Austria

    • Sex is disapproving for childs because they are seen innocent and young and shouldn't know into older

  • Sexual individuality:” the expression of the self most basic sexual needs and attractions and based in our body and anatomy, DNA, hormones, orientations, fantasies, feelings, behaviors and relationships”

  • Sex appearing cultures teach young people about sex by observing and then later on explore

  • People who grew up in sex disapproval see menstruation and masturbation as disgusting.

    • Women who grew up thinking is disgusting might develop negative self esteem

  • Religion plays a big role in sexual socialization

  • Religious belief influences some peoples holistic sexuality which is crictical to their sexual well- being

    • Religious groups made negative sexual attitudes, norms and taboos and not positive elements of sexual well being with their followers

    • This approach made people not learn how to be sexual, to become sexually literate, or to purse sexual well being in the context of their particular faith

    • “Belonging to a church can provide some people with a social community of economic, social and psychological support, especially in times in needs

  • “Sexual behavior can actually define the basic sense of whether someone is a person and a citizen member of a particular country or state”

  • Being in a religion can influence sexual practices and relationships

  • Hinduism promotes sex, pleasure, relationship formation and sex education

    • In Hinduism men and women have to pleasure each other

    • Hinduism festivals include sexual imagery and open sexual expression

    • “The hindu poem teach his followers how to live life by seeking joy, knowledge, and awakening, even through sex”

    • Hindu “physiology is based on the sex approving view that it is natural for people to want pleasure”

    • There is negative attitudes towards sex in hinduism as well like pleasure with restraint, sex is not taboo, and won't be discussed as an open topic in households

    • They disapprove divorced women, women are expected to stay virgin until marriage, homosexuality is against hinduism, same sex desires is not seen as an immortal thing

    • Women are expected to tolerate adultery and not leave them

    • Abortions is not acceptable

  • Buddhism tolerates many forms of sexuality

    • They believe in not killing humans or animals and encourages being vegetarian

    • Sex is viewed as a positive thing

    • Premarital sex is not encouraged because it does harm to the self and others and unintended pregnancy is possible

    • Divorce is not prohibited, but it does ruin families so being married for life is expected

    • Homosexuality is tolerated but not encouraged

    • Same sex is no excuse of not having kids in the future

    • Adultery is seen as immature and it shows no compassion for your partner

      • Adultery is seen as a lack of harmony and harmony is an important concept in buddhism

  • Judaism is jews that believe god promise a land “flowing w/ milk and honey” and in return they promised to “honor him and follow his commandments”

    • Sex is procreation

    • Masturburation was taboo

    • Age 13 of boys and age 12 of girls they make a celebration which is called the entering adulthood which means to them that they have to act responsible in everything including sex

    • Homosexuality is wrong and tabooed

    • Jewish tradition has evolved and there is 3 main branches Orthodox, Conservative and Reform or Liberal

    • Judaism opposed abortion

    • Abortion is ok if it would harm the mother or the unborn child

  • Islam is the newest religion known

    • They are monotheistic faith

    • They are the most positive and supportive of sexuality

    • Men are allowed to have 4 wives

    • Pleasure goes both ways and if women dont feel satisfied they can divorce them

    • Hijabs were known but now days they are starting to fade away in Muslim

  • Christianity has concerns about sexuality

    • Because of genesis it says eden and ava lost their innocence after eating the forbidden fruit and nudity was recognized as a sexual awakening

    • Same sex has a negative attitude

    • Sexual pleasure is a sin

    • Stay virgen til marriage

  • Christianity has been the dominant religion and the source of attitudes toward sexuality in the US

  • Puritanism: The morally upright and socially strict beliefs and practices of the Puritans.

    • Been a topic about nudity, premarital sex, extramarital sex, virginity and pornography

    • Disapproves same sex, homosexuality relationships

    • In christianity parents who are involved in church are more likely to talk about sex education to their kids rather than those who are don't volunteer to help

  • Symbolic boundary: Divides people according to their religious beliefs about what are “good” and “bad” sexual behaviors.

  • Masturbation was seen bad in so many religions but now they are ignored or not immortal anymore

  • LGBTQ has always been seen as a negative thing in religion

  • Double stigma: Experienced by individuals when they are excluded from their own community as well as from the larger society.

    • People of color who were lbgtq faced double stigma

  • Radical inclusion: accpeitng everyone regardless of sexual and gender preferences; color or gender or sexual identity; or country of origin

  • !!!!!!CHAPTER REVIEW IN PAGE 65 OF CHAPTER 2!!!

Chapter 2 quiz

  • the bonobo's female estrus cycle differ from the female human cycle because It is concealed in humans but visible in the bonobo

  • Human sexuality is a unique combination between what is learned and what is biological

  • Cave paintings, carving, statues and tools gave insight into the historical aspect of human sexual nature

  • Spirituality is defined as a person's inner sense of deep belief in an ultimate reality.

  • Since ancient times, human sexual nature has been expressed a myriad of diverse ways

  • Within the context of cultures, humans reach puberty and develop sexual maturity ver slowly

  • the great world religions have global reach, many followers and roots in traditional holy texts

  • Sexual culture represents the distinct shared sexual meanings and sexual practices of a group

  • Ancient myths, rituals, and social hierarchies were part of the sexual patterns in Asian civilizations.

  • Death, celebration of hunting and procreation were common portrayals in prehistoric cave paintings

  • Hinduism is the religion on which much of Asian civilization is based; it spread from India and South Asia between 3,000 and 5,000 years ago.

  • Before 1811 in Europe, homosexuality was punishable by death; after 1811, it was punishable by imprisonment.

  • Japanese culture tended to separate people by gender

  • the Roman Catholic Church formalized its penalties for sodomy and other violations of its teachings through the creation of the Hol Inquisition

  • During the Renaissance era in the 14th century, there was an increase in the influence of science in Europe, challenging the power of the Church.

  • Nineteenth-century public health systems, and the hygiene they promoted, became tools for the state to control people's gender and sexual roles

  • Christianity, Judaism and Islam are among the Abrahamic religions

  • In regard to sexuality, before the Victorian era, children were deemed to be sexual creatures in their own right

  • Regarding sexuality in the Victorian era, men needed to struggle between sexual good and evil while women needed to deny all sexuality.

  • In China, sexual practices were designed to heal the body and infuse strength and energy into the organs

  • During the Victorian era, freedom of partner choice was the new aspect of love that changed many relationship

  • A common perception of the Victorian Era is that most people were prudish regarding sexuality.

  • Gay men who joined the armed forces identified other gay men and, upon discharge from the service, remained in cities to form communities.

  • In the 1990s, more widely available internet access, the concept that sexuality is a human right and social activism by those stigmatized by religious conservatives is led to an increased focus on sexual literacy

  • sexual cultures function today by helping people to adapt to their environments by controlling sexual practice, regulating men and womens power and regulating morality

  • Why did depression-era migrations of people, as well as World War II, have such an impact on sexual behavior? Both disrupted family ties and cultural control over sexuality

  • Why did government and medical authorities ignore the AIDS epidemic for years? There was still shame and stigma associated with homosexuality in the US

  • Roles and institutions that generate specific expectations for sexual behaviors are known as the sexual culture of a society.

  • Polygamy is NOT common in the United States

  • Sexual relativism the ability to place behavior in its proper context considering the behavior and its social significance

  • Sexual chauvinism is the term to describe when one believes their sexual culture is superior to another's sexual culture

  • Cultural chauvinism: when one group judges another's behaviors against its own standards and finds them inferior

  • Jewish Israel is a monotheistic culture

  • The unique expression of an individuals' most basic sexual needs and attractions, based on the individual's body and anatomy, DNA, hormones, orientations, fantasies, feelings, behaviors, and relationships is called sexual individuality

  • Religious identity is the social expression of an individual's faith in the context of community and nation

  • Cultural relativism is the ability to place behavior in its proper context considering the behavior and its social significance

  • Negative sexual attitudes, norms, and taboos, as communicated through religious groups, have resulted in the religions' followers experiencing never pursing sexual well being in the context of the religion, never becoming sexually literate and never learning how to be sexual

  • Buddhists view sex as positive, in moderation

  • Religious identity is the social expression of an individual's faith in the context of community and nation

  • A symbolic boundary divides people according to their religious beliefs about what are "good" and "bad" sexual behaviors.

  • In the strictest Muslim countries death iis the penalty for homosexuality

  • Generally, early Christianity viewed sexuality with deep concern

  • The puritans group is widely credited with making the United States into a prudish, uptight and sex-disapproving society

  • To some scholar, Christ view the role of women positively

  • African American Protestants is most likely to talk to their children about sexual morality

  • Saint Augustine writings influenced modern views on sexuality

Chapter 4

  • Physiology is the study of how all internal systems and structures function.

  • Anatomy is the study of the physical structure of our bodies and the intricate design of the systems that live within the structures

  • Physiology is the study of how all these internal systems and structures function.

  • Having a sense of anatomy and physiology sense will help with sexual well-being

  • Thinking about your body functions will increase your emotional literacy

  • Learning about sexual anatomy is also learning about the appearance of our external genitals that corresponds with our internal organs and how they are associated with physiological processes

  • Vulva: The external female genitals; often incorrectly referred to as the vagina.

  • Mons pubis: Also called the mons veneris, the female pubic mound; the fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone.

  • Part of the vulva is the labia majora(large lips)

    • Labia majora: The outer lips of the vulva which extend from the mons veneris to the perineum.

      • Generally covered with pubic hair

      • Are vertical, outer liplike structures of skin folds that cover the labia minroa

        • Labia minora: The inner lips of the vulva, one on each side of the vaginal opening. (latin for small lips)

          • Comprise smaller and more delicate skin folds

      • Labia minora is hairless

      • Labia minora contains sebaceous glands (Glands that produce oil.) to protect the underlying tissue

  • The folds of the labia minora connect at the top of the vulva to the clitoral hood(covers the clitoris)

  • The clitoris is the organ that produces pleasure

    • In the male their clitoris has more nerve endings and its found on the head

      • Unaroused it under the hood

  • urethral opening: Located between the clitoris and the vaginal opening, it allows urine to be expelled from the bladder.

  • Male penis is the sexual pleasure, reproduction and urination

  • Clitoral glan

  • Clitoral crura

    • “The crua are made up of spongy tissue that will blood up during sexual arousal

  • Women is aroused the vaginal walls increase 2cm and 9cm length

    • Unaroused : 1cm to 7cm length

  • Tenting effect:The vaginal wall’s increase in size during sexual arousal.

  • “The inner wall of the vagina is made up of moist soft tissue called mucus membrane

  • Bartholin’s glands: Glands located on each side of the vaginal opening.

  • Vagina is the potential sex place, birth place and the place where the menstrual blood leaves the body

  • “The inner part of the vagina is connected to the cervix which opens into the uterus(which is also called the womb)

  • Fallopian tubes: Oviducts that connect the ovaries to the uterus.

  • Introitus: the opening of the vagina

  • Some women don't have hymen in birth (hymen is not the declaration of being virgin

  • imperforate hymen

  • Occurs when the tissue of the hymen completely closes the vaginal opening causing menstrual fluid to accumulate.

  • Ovary is to release ove(eggs) and to produce hormones

  • Men produce sperm but woman have certain amount of ovas

  • hypothalamus:The area of the brain that secretes substances that influence pituitary and other gland function and is involved in the control of body temperature, hunger, thirst, and other processes that regulate body equilibrium.

  • In the proliferative phase, the endometrium thickens and the Ovum matures.

  • BREASTS

    • Mammary glands: Internal breast; its principal function is to produce milk to nourish an infant after childbirth.

    • Areola is the dark center of the breast

      • The nipple is in the center

    • Breast are the 1st thing to develop in puberty and also well noticed to young girls

    • Thelarche: first stage of breast development, its “characterized by a small lump that forms beneath the areola”

    • Ovaries start to produce lots of amounts of estrogen(Hormones that produce female reproductive and secondary sex characteristics and impact the functioning of the menstrual cycle) during puberty

    • Breast start to gain fat

    • Menarche: a fmeales 1st menstrual period

      • They continue to mature

  • FEMALE CIRCUMCISION

    • In some cultures they do female circumcision (The removal or shortening of the clitoris. It may include sewing the labia together to prevent sexual intercourse or the rupture of the hymen.)

      • They do this because it causes more desire for the female body to men

      • This also “helps” with the female waiting til marriage and once they think of having sex they have to remove the stitches before sex or the partner will break it during intercourse

    • Female genital mutilation (FGM): Performing female circumcision without antiseptic or anesthesia.

      • This is now considered a cultural practice

      • This procedure is when a girl goes from girlhood to womanhood

  • Endocrine systems and hormones

    • Endocrine system: The system of glands that regulates body functions and processes, including puberty, metabolism, and mood, by releasing hormones

    • The endocrine helps releases chemical substances from the body which is Hormones

    • Hormone: A chemical substance produced in the body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs

    • Endocrine system is associated with hypothalamus

    • Pituitary gland: A small oval endocrine gland that lies at the base of the brain. It is sometimes called the master gland of the body because all the other endocrine glands depend on its secretions for stimulation.

      • Controls the hormone functions

    • Endocrine system also regulates “important parts of sexual development and arousal, pregnancy and menstruation, and sperm production”

    • Both genders produce the same hormones and reproductive cells

    • Females produce more estrogens and they also produce androgens but male produce more androgens and produce estrogens

    • Testosterone: A steroid hormone that helps organize male reproduction and produces secondary sex characteristics in males, and impacts sexual functioning in both sexes.

    • Estrogens are associated with vaginal lubrication (to help maintain the thickness and stretchyness of the vaginal walls

    • Neuropeptide hormones is another class of hormones that influences the emotional things in sexuality like attraction and arousal

      • The brain produces neuropeptide hormones

      • Oxytocin(Produced in the hypothalamus, is one of the most important neuropeptides) influences our feelings of attraction and love with the partner

        • “It also helps with the flow of breastmilk, help elevate our feelings of love and attraction while we cuddle and helping us form strong emotional bonds with those to whom we’re close”

  • PHEROMONES AND THEIR ROLE IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

    • Pheromones: Chemical signals or odors that bodies release to affect a behavioral or psychological response in another body.

    • Menstrual synchrony: A phenomenon wherein the menstrual cycles of women who live together (such as in homes, prisons, convents, bordellos, dormitories, or barracks) reportedly become synchronized over time.

  • THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

    • Menstruation: The shedding of the uterine lining.

      • Most significant physiological processes of the female body

      • The uterine will shed and exit the body from the vagina and this is called a womans period

      • Only last 2-6 days and produce 8 ounces of menstrual flow

    • Through this cycle there is 3 stages

      • 1st: starts at the ovulation and is called the proliferative phase and in this stage the endometrium of the uterus will thicken and the ovum matures

      • 2nd: The secretory phase is when the enometirum will thicken more and the corpus luteum (The tissue formed from a ruptured ovarian follicle) develops. The corpus lutem produces very important hormones like progesterone(A steroid hormone produced in the ovary; prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy)

      • 3rd: enstrual phase is when the ovum has passed through the fallopian tube and into the uterus if its “unfertilized then it will be dissolved and the uterus will shed the endometrium through the cervix as menstrual flow”

    • Menstruation happens because the ovary produces too much estrogens and too much estrogen will give signals to the hypothalamus to release gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH, Pituitary hormone that stimulates activity in the gonads (testes and ovaries)) then this GnRH will stimulate the pituitary gland to release 2 hormones and they trigger menstruation

      • Luteinizing hormone(LH): A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates ovulation in the female. In males it stimulates the production of androgens in the testes

      • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH):A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland in a female during the menstrual cycle which helps stimulate the development of ovarian follicles. In males, it stimulates sperm production

    • PAGE 117 HAS A TABLE OF HORMONES AND HOW OR WHAT ITS CAUSE

    • premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): A condition in which a woman has severe depression symptoms, irritability, and tension before menstruation. The symptoms of PMDD are more severe than those seen with premenstrual syndrome (PMS).

    • Dysmenorrhea: Severe uterine pain during menstruation.

      • A complication in mnestration

      • The prostaglandins are released during menstruation and cause inflammation in the uterus making it contract to shed the endometrium

    • Amenorrhea: The absence of menstrual periods.

      • Another condition in mesntration

      • This happens normally during pregnancy or after menopause

      • This term is used when a young women havent bled

      • Also means there was a disruption in a previously normal cycle because of the disturbance in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland

      • Other causes of this is fast weight loss or a eating disorder, excessive stress or exercising, and weight gain

    • toxic shock syndrome (TSS): A severe disease that involves fever, shock, and problems with the function of several body organs.

      • Severe infection that involves with fever, shock and other problems with body organs

      • “TSS is caused by a toxin produced by certain types of bacteria”

      • This syndrome is caused by women who only use tampons

      • Risk of getting TSS:

        • Childbirth

        • Presence of a staph infection

        • Surgery of any type

        • Tampon use (mostly if they are left in for a long time)

        • Using barrier contraceptives such a disphragm

      • Symptoms of TSS: confusion, diarrhea, headaches, high fever, low blood pressure, muscle aches, nausea and vommiting, organ failure, and rashes that are severe

  • MENOPAUSE

    • Menopause: The time in a woman’s life when her periods (menstruation) eventually stop and the body goes through changes that no longer allow her to get pregnant. It is a natural event that normally occurs in women age 45 to 55.

    • perimenopause:The time when the female body is undergoing changes associated with menopause.

      • During the perimenopause the estrogen, progesterone and testosterone that is produce in the body starts diminish

      • “Once the ovaries have stopped releasing ova each month, the levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the body increase”

      • The hormones that increase the body leads to changes of the body which for example hot flash, when body temperature increases quickly and goes back to normal.

        • Hot flashes are usually thee 1st signal of a women being near to the menopause

          • Last 4-5 years in some cases

        • Feeling of depression

      • When a women went 12 month without ovulation then she has reached menopause

  • EXTERNAL MALE SEX ORGANS

    • Penis contains so many nerve endings

    • Penis transports urine and semen but not at the same time

    • Penis is not a muscle

      • Base of it is the root

      • During erection fills up with blood

    • penile shaft: The part between the penile glans and the body

      • Contains 3 tubular cylinders that are made out of spongy tissue

        • Inside hallow tissue of the penis is called the corpus cavernosa (Two paired tubular cylinders in the penis that during sexual arousal will be filled with blood causing an erection.) and the erectile tissue surrounding the uthera is know as the corpus spongiosum (The underlying spongy tissue in a tubular structure located below the corpora cavernosa containing the urethra)

      • The spongy tissue will be engorged with blood when its erect

      • “The rounded base of the penile glans is called the corona, which is the most sexually sensitive part of the penis”

    • Uncircumsized penis, the foreskin covers the penile glans

      • If not cared the glans of the uncircumcised penis will produce secretions that accumulate beneath the foreskin (this is a cheesy substances and it smells which is called smegma)

      • Frenulum: Sensitive tissue on the backside of the penis which connects the penile glans with the shaft and the foreskin of the penis

    • Scrotum: Located between the penis and the anus and is an extension of the abdomen.

      • scrotal sac: Holds the testicles

        • Its a delicate layer of skin that contains numerous sweat glands and hair follicles

  • INTERNAL MALE SEX ORGANS

    • Testes is the mass production of sperm

      • Testes needs to stay warm like 98.6 F for sperm production

    • cremaster muscle:A muscle in the scrotum that helps to create the ideal temperature for sperm production no matter the climate.

      • When its cold the teste pulls up to find warmth and in hot it pulls away from the body

    • Spermatogenesis: the process of sperm production

      • Takes place in the inside of the testicle in a tubular structure called the seminiferous tubele (A thin, coiled structure in the testes where sperm is produced)

      • Seminferous tubeles are tightly coiled into a capsule called tunia albuginea (The capsule that holds the tightly coiled seminiferous tubules.)

    • The process of producing mature sperm takes about 72 days

    • Ther sperm will enter in the epididymis(A tightly coiled tubular structure that is located on top of each testicle) , which connects the testicle with the urethra

  • ERECTION AND EJACULATION

    • When theres sexual arouse the brain will have a nerve impulse that will travel down to the erection centers of the spinal cord then the nitric oxide signal the smooth muscle of the penis to relax which will help with blood entering through the penile columns(Spongy tissue within the penis that becomes engorged with blood during an erection) and erectile tissues (Spongy tissue within the penis that becomes engorged with blood during an erection)

    • “With the penile erection the muscles just below the surface of the perinuem( the area of skin between the scrotum and the anus) contract and help to stablize the penis”

    • During ejaculation the sperm will leave the epididumis and move through the vas deferens which will come out of the body through the urethra this is considered an orgasm

    • When sperm leaves the vas deferens and the enter the urethra”, secretions from the seminal vesicles(A paired set of tubular glands that produces seminal fluid which makes up the majority of semen) and the prostate gland (An exocrine gland that produces prostatic secretions) are added to the sperm”

      • This fluid is called the semen

    • “The prostate gland located just beneath the bladder surrounds the urethra and is responsible for the creation and storage of semen”

    • In ejaculation there is over 500 millions sperm coming out

    • Cowper’s gland: During sexual arousal this structure secretes a clear mucuslike fluid; also called the bulbourethral gland. (p. 123)

    • Process of ejaculation in 2 stages

      • 1st: emission stage: “during this stage the cremaster muscle pulls the testes up clsoe to the body preparing to release the sperm. Semen is prepared for secretion and the man feels that he is about to ejaculate or ‘come’”

        • When they think they gonna come its called ejaculatory ineviability

      • 2nd: explosion stage: this begins with the “rhythimic contraction of smooth muscles and tissue in the epididymis, vas deferens, smenial vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland, and urethra force semen out of the body”

        • After the semn is released the penis will be soft and lose the erection which this is called detumescence

        • “The resolution stage of sex”

  • VARIABILITY IN THE MALE BODY

    • When penis are erected they are all about the same size for men

    • The size of difference to compare is the flaccid(the state of a penis being limp or soft

      • This causes insecurities for men of their size of penis

    • Most epnis measure 5-6 inches in length when erected

    • Most penis are capable of producing pleasure

    • A penis too big will cause problem for women because it can be a problem for their cervix and discomfort

  • CIRCUMCISION

    • Male circumcision is performed on infant babies and they just remove the forskin from the top of the penis

    • In cultures they view circumcision differently, like in south africe uncircumcised penis is seen as a more pleasurable in sex but other cultures think the circumcised is more pleasurable

    • Circumcised penis have benefits like preventing urinary tract infection, acquisition of HIV and other STIs and potential reduce rates of penile cancer

  • MALE SEXUAL PHYSIOLOGY

    • Males go through hormonal cycles but not the same as the female menstrual cycle

    • During adolscence “the testes begin to produce greater amount of testosterone which promotes the maturation of the male sex organs and secondary sex characteristcs such as body hair growth”

    • Once older then men go through something like menopause but its called andropause this is when they ave decreasing levels of testosterone and a slow desire for sex and reducing the depth of sensation in the genitals

  • BODILY INTEGRITY RIGHTS & SEXUAL WELLBEING

    • bodily integrity: The idea of the inviolability of the physical body and the importance of personal autonomy and the self-determination of individuals over their own bodies.

      • These rights cover “circumcision, genital surgery, genital cutting, cosmetic surgery, and all aspects of how people present themselves to the public”

  • SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 4 PAGE 130

CHAPTER 5

Chapter 4 quiz

  • The appearance of our External or visible genitals (such as the vulva) directly corresponds with understanding the internal organs and its physiological processes.

  • The small external portion of the clitoris is called the clitoral glans

  • The urethral, urinary or urethra opening is located between the clitoris and the vaginal opening.

  • The spectrum of physical and sexual differentiation, and terms like "male" and "female," reinforce the binary view of sex and gender.

  • Tumescence is the term used to describe blood rushing into the vascular tissues of the labia during sexual arousal.

  • The immature oocytes (immature egg cells) are embedded in saclike structures called ovarian follicles

  • The introitus is the opening of the vagina

  • The internal part of the clitoris shaped like an inverted v

  • In the event of pregnancy, the pre-embryo is embedded in the endometrium

  • One of the functions of the birth canal is to allow menstrual flow to pass

  • Two of the most important females hormones are entrogen and progesterone

  • During the menstrual cycle, endometrium tissue sheds and is expelled through the cervical opening

  • female circumcision: The removal or shortening of the clitoris. It may include sewing the labia together to prevent sexual intercourse or the rupture of the hymen.

  • Steroid hormones regulate sexual development and arousal.

  • Oxytocin is a hormone associated with contractions during labor and breastfeeding.

  • Menstrual synchrony seems to be related to what sense?smell

  • The glands that produce sex hormones and reproductive cells are the ovary in women and testis in men

  • The secretory phase ends with the shedding of the uterine lining

  • Premenstrual syndrome is linked to neurotransmitters

  • The major event during the proliferative phase is ovulation

  • One of the primary concerns about using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is the increased risk for osteoporosis or abnormal bone loss

  • Penile columns is where the blood flows and is also known as erectile tissue

  • The scrotum is located between the penis and the anus and is an extension of the abdomen.

  • ejaculatory inevitability is the point in which ejaculation will occur even if stimulation stops.

  • Andropause

Chapter 6

  • Pleasure and danger explains the excitement and appeal of sex

  • TAKING RESPONSIBILITY OF OUR OWN SEXUAL HEALTH

    • US has the most cases of STIs maybe because people arent educated about sex education and health to young and older people

    • Sexual healing starts with people being well informed about it

  • FEMALE SEXUAL HEALTH

    • The female sexual body is complicated to understand rather than men

    • “A woman breasts, vagina, and surroundin tissue all play a role in both sexual health and pleasure

  • BREAST CANCER

    • 1 in 8 women are diagnosed with breast cancer in US

      • 40,000 women die because of it

    • The more older a women is the more likely to get breast cancer

    • Non-hispanic white women are more likely to have breast cancer

    • Men can get breast cancer but its less common

    • There's better improvement for treatment for breast cancer

    • Signs of risk of getting breast cancer:

      • Having no kids or having kids at your 30s and 40s (PAGE 172 HAS ALL THE EXAMPLES)

    • Ways to avoid breast cancer, is staying in a healthy weight, avoid the use of hormone replacement therapy and limit yourself from alcohol

    • Every women should be familiar with their breast to see any changes that seem unusual

    • When breast cancer starts it's barely noticeable to even tell

    • Some symptoms of breast cancer is a new lump in the breast or a change in a current breast lump, change in size/shape of breast, pain the breast or nipple, flaky, red or swollen skin anywhere on the breast, a dimpled appeared to the breast when arm is lifted up, a nipple thats tender or suddenly turns inward, or blood/fluid coming from the nipple

    • Mammogram: Low-dose X-ray of the breast used to detect growths and cancer in breast tissue.

      • They allow physician to catch breast cancer at its early stages

      • Chemotherapy, radiation, lumpectomy and mastectomy are treatments are breast cancer

        • Lumectomy: Removal of the cancerous tumor in the breast while leaving the breast intact.

        • Mastectomy: Removal of one or both breasts, and possibly other tissue around the breast, to eradicate cancer from that area.

  • GYNECOLOGIC EXAM

    • Most important thing to maintain sexual health

    • Recommneded for teenagers to see one between the age 13-15

    • Pap smears begin within 3 years of first engaging in sexual intercourse, or by age 21 if the woman has not yet had sexual intercourse

    • Women should pap smears every 2 years until the age of 30

    • People with cervical cancer have not had a pap smear

    • The pap smear procedure is the women will lay down and the physician will use a speculum (An instrument used to open the vagina during vaginal exams performed by a physician) and then the physician will collect a sample of the cervical tissue for a pap test

    • Bimanual exam: An exam that requires that the doctor insert two fingers in the vagina while placing the other hand on top of the lower part of the abdomen in order to feel for any abnormalities and to check the size, shape, and mobility of the uterus.

  • URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

    • Urinary tract infection (UTI): An infection of the urethra, bladder, or other urinary structure, usually caused by bacteria.

    • This infection begins in the urinary system

    • Men also get urinary tract infections but women are more likely to develop them

    • “UTIs develop when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and multiply in the bladder”

    • The urinary system is supposed to keep out bacterias but sometimes it will be defenseless

    • Ways to prevent it: drink plenty of water, empty the bladder as soon as possible after intercourse

    • FOR WOMEN to prevent the infection: wipe front to back after going to the bathroom and avoid using irritating feminine products

    • Symptoms of UTIs: strong persistent urge to urinate, a burning sensation while you urinate, passing frequent but very small amounts of urine and detecting blood in the urine or cloudy, strong smelling urine

  • VAGINITIS

    • Vaginitis:Inflammation of the vagina that can result in some unpleasant symptoms including discharge, itching, and pain.

    • Bacterial vaginosis: A type of vaginitis that results from overgrowth of one or more of several organisms typically present in the vagina; upsets the natural balance of vaginal bacteria.

      • Can be spread in sexual intercourse but also can happen with people who are not sexually active

      • “Treated with an antibiotic and requires a prescription from a health care provider”

    • Yeast infection: Type of vaginitis that occurs when a naturally occurring fungus changes the normal environment in the vagina, mouth, skinfolds, or fingernail beds.

      • 3 of 4 women will get yeast infection

      • Yeast infection can occur in the mouth,skinfolds and fingernails beds

      • It can be one of the causes why babies get diaper rashes

      • Treated with anti yeast rem or suppository placed in the vagina

    • Trichomoniasis: A common sexually transmitted protozoan parasite causing symptoms in women, including genital irritation, burning or pain during urination, and a foul-smelling vaginal discharge; infected men typically do not have symptoms but are contagious.

      • Caused by a parasite that spreads during sex with someone who already have the infection

      • Infects the urinary tract for women but might not cause any symptoms for men

        • Symptoms for women is genital irritation, burning or pain during urinating, and fouling smell discharge

      • This is treated with antibiotics and requires prescription from a health care provider

    • Atrophic vaginitis:This type of vaginitis is due to reduced estrogen levels resulting from menopause and can cause vaginal tissues to become thinner and drier.

      • Symptoms: itching, burning and pain particularly as a result of intercourse

      • Using water based lubricants can prevent inflammation and help women to enjoy intercourse

  • CANCERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

    • Gynecologic cancer: A group of five different cancers affecting a woman’s reproductive system. Includes vaginal, vulvar, uterine, ovarian, and cervical cancers.

    • 1 in 78 women in the US get ovarian cancer

      • This cancer is the most common cancer in the US and the 5th leadng cause of cancer death

    • Vaginal cancer: A gynecologic cancer that begins in the vagina.

    • Cancer that is formed in the vulva first is called vulva cancer

      • These two type of cancer are very rare but all women are potentially capable of getting especially older women

    • Uterine cancer:A gynecologic cancer that begins in the uterus.

      • Most common type of uterine cancer is endometrial cancer which is formed in the endometrial lining of the uterus

      • The risk of getting this is increase of age

      • Mostly found in women who are going through/have/already in menopause

    • Ovarian Cancer: A gynecologic cancer that begins in one of the two ovaries.

      • Similar to thee uterine cancer

      • Not common in younger women

      • 90% of women who get this are 40 and older

      • Ovarian is the deadliest cancer

    • Cervical Cancer: A gynecologic cancer that begins in the cervix.

      • Easiest female cancer to prevent with regular screening tests

      • If found and treated early its most of the time curable

      • human papillomavirus (HPV): A sexually transmitted infection; known to be one of the main causes of cervical cancer. (it's the main cause of cervical cancer)

    • Most of these conditions are treatable if detected in the early stages

  • MALE SEXUAL HEALTH

    • Benefits of grooming pubic hair is that it improves cleanliness and reduces moisture, it can be sexually stimulating, increase sensitivity in sex and enjoyable for their partner experience

    • Another benefit of grooming is it can help men detect any possible changes in their penis

    • Thw penis is a sesitive organ

  • TESTICULAR CANCER

    • A cancer that begins in one of the testicles; tends to occur among younger men.

    • Common in the US in males between 15-34 years old

    • Affects only one testicle

    • Occurs when the healthy cells in the testile are altered in some way

    • Thought to start with the germ cell(Cells in the testicles that produce immature sperm.)

    • Risk factors of this is

      • Cryptorchidism: A condition that occurs in infancy where one or both of the testicles may not descend.

      • Abnormal testicle development

      • Family history

      • Age

      • Ethnicity: its more common in whites than in blacks or hispanics

    • Self exam are a good way to check if there is any changes in the testicles

    • Symptoms include

      • A lump or enlargement in either testicle

      • Heaviness in the scrotum

      • Dull ache in the abdomen or groin

      • A sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum

      • pain/discomfort in the testicle or scrotum

      • Unexplained fatigue or a general feeling of being ill

    • This cancer is treatable

      • Surgery to remove the cancerous testicle, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are treatments

  • PROSTATE CANCER

    • Affects the prostate glands(which produces seminal fluid)

    • 1 in 6 men in the US are affected by this

    • Most common type of cancer in men

    • Does occur in young men but rare before 40

    • ⅔ of prostate cancer occur in men over 65

    • Black people experience higher rates of this cancer than whites

    • Not often in american indian/alaska natives

    • This cancer has decreased in the early 1990s but have been the same level in 1995

    • Risk factors are the age(after 50), family history, race/ethnicity, diet and high testosterone levels

    • There is no noticeable symptoms in its early stages but if symtoms do appear its because of urinary problems cause by the tumor pressing on the bladder or the urethra

    • Most men who detect this is in their routine screening procedure called the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test or during a digital rectal exam

      • This is used to screen and detect high levels of early stage prostate cancer

      • Some studies says that PSA is not the best to detect this cancer

  • US has the highest rates of STIs by age 25

  • RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR STIS

    • Risk factors:

      • Unprotected sex: condom use is the best way to prevent STI not guarnteed to prevent sti but most use

      • Multiple parnters

      • Engaging in sex from an early age: they are more likely not to use a condoms or not avaibale for teens that much

      • Alcohol and drug use: injectible drugs are high risk for transmission of HIV when sharing needles

      • Having a STI

      • Using the pill as the sole form of contraception- the combo of using birth control pills and condom is the best way to prevent STI also being on the pill will reduce risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which is a disease that is common result of STIs

      • Being female: the cervix is easier to get sexually transmitted organisms

    • Ways to protect yourself

      • Talk about sex education and how to be safe

      • Create a psotive peer culture: this helps with supports on sex

      • Keep a positive attitude: use a positive attitude for condoms

      • Use protection

      • Be informed about sex education and condoms

SEXUAL RISK NEGOTIATION

  • Have a convo with your partner on how to protect yourself from diseases

    • In the US sex is seen negative and a taboo and they lack understanding of being upfront about sexual desire and risk and helping to protect each other can lead to a better and healthier community

    • Sex partners need to discuss about sex before doing it in order to protect yourself from STIs

    • Get tested together for STIs because it removes pressure in both partners

    • Culture,language and power can be a problem for discussing STIs

    • PAGE 188 OF SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT FOR STIS

  • HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS

    • A virus that leads to the destruction of the immune system through a variety of illnesses known as AIDS.

    • The most clearest danger of unprotected sex

    • acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS):A late-stage infection with HIV.

    • More than 35 million people have died of HIV

    • HIV can be from birth

    • HIV pandemic has effected gender, homophobia, racism and other social factors

    • The 1st cases of AIDS was recognized in gay men, hemophiliaca, sex workers and haitian immigrants in the early 1980s

    • Most of the illness and death in the US was in gay men and people referred as ‘gay cancer’

    • Heterossexual sex is one of the most common ways of transmitting HIV

    • Retrovirus is a virus that destroys the cells of the body immune system a it reproduces and is the organism responsible for HIV

    • HIV/AIDS affects everybody now and is a serious problem in heterosexual women especially in African Americans and Hispanic/Latino populations

    • In 2010-2016 HIV infections went down for young people 13-24 and adult 45-54 but aes 25-34 it had increased

  • TRANSMISSION OF HIV

    • Can be detected in several fluid and human body tissue

      • Does not mean it can be transmitted from this

      • “These fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk) have to come in contact with a mucous membrane or damaged tissue or be directly injected into the bloodstream (from a needle or syringe) for transmission to possible occur HIV”

  • SYMPTOMS OF HIV

    • Infects cells in the immune system called t-cells and the central nervous system in the body

    • Its a serious threat

    • Stage 1) Primary HIV infection: lasts for a few weeks and short flulike illness, during this stage a large amount of HIV will be in the bloodstream and the immmune system responds by producing HIV antibodies(substances that detect HIV particle and disable them. This process is known as seroconversion.

    • Stage 2) Clinically Asymptomatic stage: lasts about 10 years, but can last up to 20 years in some people, this stage is often free of major symptoms and the levels of HIV in the bloodstream drop to lower levels but HIV antibodies are still detectable in the blood

    • Stage 3) Symptomatic HIV infection: the immune system will be damaged severely by the human immunodeficiency virus. The immune system will fail and symptoms will start to appear, symptoms are mild, but the immune system will worsen, main caused by the emergence of opportunistic infections (A group of infections that establish themselves in the human body as a result of a weakened immune system due to HIV infection)

    • Stage 4) progression from HIV to AIDS: the t cell must be dip below 200 and the person must be infected with one or more of 20 opportunistic infections, most common in the US is pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, young people now have near normal life expectancy because of improvements in treatments

  • TESTING AND TREATMENT

    • Being tested for HIV should not be doing risky sexual activites for 6 months

    • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is made up of a combo of medications that work together to reduce the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus

  • PREVENTION

    • Condoms prevent HIV

    • HIV medications avaible to health care provider will help stop the HIV from going to AIDS

  • BACTERIAL STIS

    • Single celll organism called bacteria cause bacterial STIs

      • Are found in bodily fluids like salvia, mucous mucous membranes, semen, vaginal secretions and blood

    • STIs are spread in sexual contact like oral, vaginal and anal sex or when contacted with bodily fluids

    • But they can be treated successfully when treated early

  • GONORRHEA

    • “The clap” is a slang word for gonorrhea

    • Gonorrhea:A common STI caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhea. (p. 198)

      • Caused by the bacterium which grows in the warm, moist area of the reproductive tract which includes the cervix, uterus and fallopain tubes in women and the urethra in men and women. The bacteria also grows in the anus, mouth and throat

    • Has increased in the US in 2018 and been going up

    • Symptoms: there is no detected symptoms but if they do appear its usually surace anywhere from 2-5 days after infection but they can take up to 1 month to appear

    • For men symptoms: brning senseation which urinating, white, yellow or green discharge from the penis and presence of painful or swollen testicles

    • For women: painful or burning sensation when urinating, symptoms often mistake for a bladder or vaginal infection, increased vaginal discharge and vaginal bleeding between periods

    • In both genders it may just be discharge and itching, soreness, bleeding or painful bowel movements

    • Gonorrhea in the throat cause sore throat but usually causes no symptoms

    • Gonorrhea is spread through the contact of the penis, vagina, mouth or anus

    • Ejaculation does not have to occur for gonorrhea to be transmitted or aquired

    • Can be spread from a mother to their baby during childbirth

      • This can cause blindness, joint infection or a life threatening blood infection in the baby

    • Treatment should be taken seriously in pregnant women

    • Gonorrhea can be treated but side effects of treatment is inflammatory disease which causes swelling and pain

    • If untreated in men then it causes epididymitis condition can be infertility in men.

    • Complications for women is pelvic inflammatory disease from infection of gonorrhea

      • Can also spread to the blood or bone joints and its life threatening

  • CHLAMYDIA

    • An STI caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. (p. 200)

    • Symptoms are mild or nonexistent but have complications that result to permanent damage including infertility.

    • Can also discharge from the penis of an infected man

    • Its hard to tell if you have this because its so unaware

    • Symptoms: no noticeable symptom but if so then they will show be to the surface within 1 to 3 weeks after exposure

    • Symptoms for men: discharge from penis, burning sensation when peeing, burning or itching around the opening of the penis, swelling and pain in the testes

    • For women: abnormal vaginal discharge and burning sensation when peeing

    • If the infection spread the cervix to the fallopian tubes then symptoms are: lower abdominal pain, lower back pain, nausea, fever, pain during intercourse and bleeding between menstrual periods

    • People who have repeatedly anal intercourse can get this infection

    • Can be transmitted during vaginal, anal or oral sex

    • Immature development in the vagina for women it can be way easier for them to get it

    • “Chlamydia is a leading cause of early infant pneumonia and conjunitivits(pink eye) newborn”

    • This infection is easily cured through antibiotic

    • Prevention of this infection: use latex condom

    • Complications: may lead to infections of the reproductive system if not left untreated and pelvic inflammatory disease in women and epidiymitis in mne, a major cause of infertility

  • SYPHILIS

    • Syphilis: An STI caused by a bacterium and characterized by a chancre, or sore, at the point of infection.

    • Referred as “great imitator”

    • This is transmitted by direct contact with a syphilis sore or prenatal exposure through an infected mother

    • Increased during 2001 and 2008 in the US

    • Symptoms: many people with this case stay symptom free

    • There are 3 stages in this

      • 1) primary stage: the appearance of chancre (A sore that typically appears at the site of infection with syphilis.) its usually firm, round and small but painless, will appear where the syphilis entered the body, lasts 3-6 weeks, will heal without treatment, first symptom can be spotted 10 to 90 days

      • 2) secondary stage: symptoms: skin rash and mucous membrane lesions, rash will appear on one or more areas and can appear as the chancre is healing. The rash is rouch, red or brownish spots but mostly found in the palms of the hands

      • 3) Latent and late stages: this is the hidden stage when the 1 and 2 stages disappear and without treatment the infected periosn will continue to have syphilis even though there is no signs, last up to years, 10-20 years

        • Symptoms: paralysis, numbness, gradual blindness, dementia and death

    • Transmission of this is during sex

    • Passed from person to person with direct contact with a chancre

    • Can be found on the lips and in the mouth

    • Blood test is the best way to detect this

    • Easy to cure in the first stages with common antibiotics

    • Prevention: condoms

    • Complications: untreated cause syphilis bacteria and invades the body system causing many other symptoms and will eventually destroy your organs and brain tissue which leads to DEATH

  • PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE

    • Associated with STIs

    • A term that refers to infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes and other female reproductive organs

    • PID is known to cause severe damage to the fallopian tubes and tissues in and near the uterus and ovaries

      • Aka to lead serious health concerns like infertility and a higher incidence of ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy that occurs outside the womb), formation of abscesses in reproductive structures and chronic pelvic pain

    • In the US more than 1 million women experience PID

    • Women who are active young are more at risk and those who are under the age of 25 are at risk of getting PID

      • Young women are targeted because of immaturity of their cervical structures

    • Symptoms: mild or no sym. At all but if sym. Then lower abdominal pain,, fever, unusual vaginal discharge that may have a gross smell, painful intercourse, painful peeing, and irregular menstrual bleeding

    • This occurs when bacteria moves upwards from the vagina or cervix into her reproductive organs

    • Its associated with gonorrhea and chlamydia

    • A woman whos expose to PID have more risk factors of going into a deeper level of this

    • Women who douche have a high risk of PID

      • This is because douching changes the balance of the organism that will normally live in the vagina and force bacteria into the upper reproductive organs

    • Pelvic ultrasound are useful to diagnose PID

      • Can reveal bacteria infections and enlargement of the fallopian tubes

    • Cured with antibiotics

    • Prevent by not getting STIs, use condoms, prevent douching, wipe front to back after peeing to protect vagina

    • Complications: affect the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes and related structures

      • Untreated can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain and many other serious problems

  • PARASITIC STIS

    • Infestations is not infection

      • Infestation it gets into the bloodstream and parasites infect thee top of the body or just under the skin

    • 2 most common infestations is scabies and pubic lice

  • SCABIES

    • A skin infestation caused by a microscopic mite that burrows under the skin and causes a very itchy rash

    • It burrows into the upper layer of the skin where it will live and lay eggs

    • Affects everyone in the world

    • Can spread fast under crowded places when body come into contact frequently

      • Can be found in care facilities, nursing homes and prison

    • Symptoms: last up to 4-6 weeks, most common sym. Is intense itchiness and pimple like skin rash, itching is felt at night, the itching and rash can affect the body with the wrist, elbow, armpit, webbing between the fingers, nipple, penis, waist, belt line, and buttocks

    • Its spread by direct skin to skin contact with the person infected

      • Can not happen with a quick handshake or a hug has to be a long time contact

    • Can contaminate clothing, bedding and furniture

    • Their life span is 1-2 months on the body of a person

    • They dont survive 48-72 hours off a person

    • Prevent: sexual contract with the infestation, get rid of bedding and clothing to prevent more infestation

    • Complications: difficult to cure and super easy to spread

  • PUBIC LICE

    • Very small parasitic insects that attach themselves to hair shafts and cause itching.

    • Found in the pubic hair or genital areas of the person

    • Lice eggs (nits) are super hard to see but found on the hair

      • Take up to 6 to 10 days to hatch

    • Nymph is the thing that comes out of the egg

      • Looks like an adult pubic louse but smaller

      • Take up 2-3 weeks to mature into adults but capable of reproducing

      • Must feed on blood to survive

    • Adult pubic louse resembles a small crab

      • 6 legs

      • 2 front legs are bigger like crabs

      • Female lice are bigger than male

      • Must feed on blood

      • Dies in 1 to 2 days if off the person

    • Symptom: itchiness on the genital area and see lice

    • Spread through sexual contact and found on adult but exposed to children its a sign of sexual abuse or exposure

    • Can be spread by bedding, towels, or other ways that the person infected uses

    • Use a shampoo for pubic lice to get rid of it

      • Medication as well is effective

    • Prevent: no sexual contact if infected and get rid of clothing and bedding to prevent further more infestation

    • Complication: just difficult to get rid of and super easy to spread around

  • VIRAL STIs

    • Unprotected vaginal, anal and oral intercourse cause viral STIs

    • This includes HIV, HPV, herpes and hepatitis

      • NO CURE

    • Vaccines available to prevent both HPV and hepatitis

  • HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS

    • Herpes: A recurrent skin condition characterized by sores on the mouth or genitals; caused by the herpes simplex virus.

    • Cause by 2 viruses: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)

      • Type 1 causes cold sores and fever blisters on the mouth or face

      • Type 2 causes sores on the penis or vulva

    • Common in the US 1 in 6 people between the age 14-49 have genital herpes

    • USE CONDOM SO PARTNER DOESN'T GET INFECTED

    • 1 in 4 women can get HSV 2 and 1 in 8 men get HSV 2

    • Symptoms: occur within 2 weeks after the virus is transmitted, and the osres typically will heal within 2-4 weeks other sym. Flulike sym., fever and swollen glands

    • Can spread in sexual contact

    • Can be passed from mother to infant during pregnancy

    • Herpes play a role here

    • NO CURE FOR HERPES

    • Prevent: use condom

    • Complication: sore provide more direct connection to the bloodstream and can create a route of transmission for other STIs

CHAPTER 6 QUIZ

  • A lumpectomy is the removal of the cancerous tumor in the breast while leaving the breast intact, whereas, a mastectomy is the removal of one or both breasts, and possibly other tissue around the breast.

  • Women can lessen the chances of getting (or lessen the severity of) breast cancer by doing avoid hormone replacement therapy (HRT), maintain a healthy weight and conduct regular self breast exams

  • A speculum is an instrument used to open the vagina so the physician is able to view the vagina, the vaginal walls, and cervix.

  • FALSE Most women who get human papillomavirus (HPV) will develop cervical cancer.

  • Urinary tract infections begins in the urinary system, which includes: urethra, kidneys, ureter and bladder

  • In the United States, breast cancer is the 5th leading cause of death for women

  • Having a first child later in life and having close family relative who had had breast cancer are among the risks associated with the development of breast cancer in women

  • Black man experience higher rates than others in prostate cancer

  • Trichomoniasis is caused by a parasite that is spread during sex with someone who already has the infection; it usually infects the urinary tract in women.

  • Women have a higher likelihood of becoming infertile.

  • Bacterial vaginosis results from overgrowth of one or more organisms

  • Human papillomavirus is the main risk factor for cervical cancer

  • A digital rectal exam is the manual test used by physicians to check for prostate issues

  • French kissing an infected person is possible but very unlikely to transmit HIV

  • T-cell counts drops below 200 and the person is infected with opportunistic infection are the two criteria that must be met for an HIV-positive person to be diagnosed as having AIDS, which is stage 4 of HIV infection

  • It takes 3-6 months long after the time of infection can an HIV test return a conclusive negative result

  • pelvic inflammatory disease is a common complication of STIs in women and one of the leading causes of female infertility.

  • Sharing needles with an infected person and anal/ vaginal sex are the ways HIV is most commonly transmitted?

  • Stage 2 is the stage of HIV infection that can last 20 years or longer, but averages about 10 years, during which an infected person is largely free of major symptoms

  • Gonorrhea is a bacterial STI, and is therefore curable

  • In the US, the highest reported rates of gonorrhea are found in sexually active africans americans, sexually active young adults and teenagers

  • A short, flu-like illness is associated with stage 1 of HIV infection

  • Gonorrhea Symptoms can surface anywhere from a couple of days to 1 month after infection.

  • Individuals with gonorrhea are more prone to contract HIV

  • Chlamydia is usually mid or non existent

  • he Centers for Disease Control estimate that reported numbers of chlamydia infection are too low

  • If gonorrhea is left untreated in men, it can cause epididymitis

  • Chlamydia is a bacterial STI, and so is curable.

  • Chlamydia infection can be found in throat, cervix and rectum

  • One get tested for chlamydia by fluid from a mans penis or a woman's cervix and urine sample

  • Of all the bacterial STIs in the US, chlamydia ranks number 1

  • Chlamydia is the leading cause of conjunctivitis and early infant pneumonia issues in babies born to mothers who have not received treatment

  • In 2000 the US have the lowest rate of syphilis infection since reporting began in 1941

  • A chancre is a round, painless sore that can indicate a primary stage syphilis infection.

  • Urine sample and fluid from a mans penis or a womans cervix is the way to get tested for chlamydia

  • In its early stages (less than one year since infection), syphilis can be cured by penicillin

  • Sexually active women in their childbearing years are at most risk for developing pelvic inflammatory disease.

  • How is a scabies infestation treated? With scabicides

  • Nearly all cases of cervical cancers are caused by HPV infections.

  • If signs and symptoms of HSV-2 appear, they usually occur within 2 weeks after the virus is transmitted.

  • The Centers for Disease Control estimates that at least 80% of men and women will be infected with HPV at some point in their lives, often without knowing it

  • Genital HPV infections are contracted through vaginal sex, skin to skin contact in the genital region, and anal sex

  • There appears to be a strong correlation between poverty and being sexually exploited, being the victim of gender violence, and being susceptible to sexually transmitted infection.

  • Both females and males is vaccination against HPV effective