neurons

Key Concepts in Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators

• Neurotransmitters: Chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse; crucial for neural communication.

  • Excitatory Neurotransmitters: Increase action potential likelihood (e.g., Glutamate).

  • Inhibitory Neurotransmitters: Decrease action potential likelihood (e.g., GABA).

• Neuromodulators: Molecules that influence neural activity on a larger scale than neurotransmitters.

  • Affect multiple neurons and produce long-lasting effects.

  • Modulate neurotransmitter activities by altering receptor responsiveness or neurotransmitter release patterns.

Functions of Key Neurotransmitters

• Glutamate:

  • Main excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory.

  • Increases likelihood of post-synaptic neuron firing.

  • Supports neural plasticity and memory storage.

• GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid):

  • Main inhibitory neurotransmitter; reduces post-synaptic neuron firing.

  • Calms nervous activity; regulates excitation from glutamate.

  • Low levels linked to anxiety and seizures.

Neuromodulators - Dopamine and Serotonin

• Dopamine:

  • Modulates motor movement, pleasure, and reward learning.

  • Influential in addictive behaviors; reinforces rewarding stimuli.

• Serotonin:

  • Stabilizes mood and regulates functions like digestion and sleep.

  • Both excitatory and inhibitory effects; critical for emotional well-being.

  • Low levels associated with mood disorders.

Summary of Excitatory & Inhibitory Effects

• Excitatory Effects:

  • Primarily caused by Glutamate; stimulates neural activity, increases the likelihood of neuron firing.

• Inhibitory Effects:

  • Primarily due to GABA; suppresses neural activity, decreases neuron firing chances.