AP Human Geography Units 1-6 Review Notes

Maps and Projections: Includes reference maps and thematic maps. Different map projections experience distortion in shape, area, distance, or direction. The Mercator map preserves direction (useful for naval expedition) but distorts other aspects.
Geographic Technology and Research: Geographic information systems (GIS) layer data to reveal spatial relationships. Information is gathered via quantitative research (census data in number form) or qualitative research (attitudes, beliefs, and feelings).
Spatial Concepts: * Distance Decay: Reduced by technological advancements and space time compression. * Environmental Perspectives: Environmental sustainability vs. environmental possibilities (how societies shape environments). * Scale and Scale of Analysis: Scale of analysis refers to data organization (e.g., national or local level). * Map Scale: Small scale maps (world maps) show large areas with little detail and more generalization. Large scale maps (county maps) show specific areas with high detail.
Regions: * Functional or Nodal: Organized around a node/center point like an airport or pizza store range. * Perceptual or Vernacular: Defined by beliefs or attitudes, such as The Middle East. * Formal and Uniform: Areas with common attributes defined by economic, social, or political characteristics (e.g., state boundaries).

Population Distribution: Influenced by economic, social, political, and environmental opportunities. Urban areas attract more people; rural areas are more dispersed.
Population Density: * Aromatic density: Total people divided by total land. * Physiological density: Total population divided by arable land. * Agricultural density: Total farmers divided by total arable land.
Demographic Transition Model (DTM): * Stage 1: Low growth; high $CVR$ and $CVR$ . * Stage 2: Industrial or medical revolution; deaths fall, births remain high. * Stage 3: Urbanization; births slowly start to come down. * Stage 4: $ZPG$ (zero population growth); births and deaths match and are lower. * Stage 5: Deaths rise above births; population decrease.
Population Theories and Policies: * Malthus: Population grows exponentially while food grows arithmetically. * Neil Malthusians: Believe population will exceed all the world's resources, not just food. * Policies: Pro natalism (motivate increasing population) vs. anti nihilism (encourage having less).
Migration: Driven by push and pull factors (economic, political, social, environmental). Forced migration involves jeopardy/safety risks; voluntary migration is by choice.

Cultural Perspectives: Promotes cultural relativism (viewing culture through its own perspective) over ethnocentrism (judging by one's own norms).
Cultural Landscape: Comprises land use patterns, religious/linguistic characteristics, and architectural styles (traditional vs. postmodern).
Diffusion: * Relocation diffusion: Movement from one place to another without a growth in total participants. * Expansion diffusion: Includes hierarchical (top down), contagious (all directions), and stimulus (adaptation of traits).
Language and Religion: * Language: Focuses on language families, dialects, and the spread of English as a lingua franca. * Universalizing Religions: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Sikhism (seek global conversion). * Ethnic Religions: Judaism and Hinduism (protect identity, not seeking to convert everyone).

Definitions: A nation is a group with shared history and self determination. A state has a permanent population, sovereign government, and recognition.
Political Entities: * Nation state: Homogenous state of one nation. * Multinational state: Two or more nations coexisting. * Multistate nation: A nation across multiple states (e.g., Korea nation). * Stateless nation: A nation without a state (e.g., Kurdish nation).
Political Concepts: Territoriality, shatter belt regions, and neopoliticalism (economic/political control without direct occupation).
Boundaries: * Relic: No longer exists but impacts landscape (e.g., Berlin Wall). * Antecedent: Existed before human settlement. * Subsequent: Based on ethnic groups. * Consequent: Used to divide cultural groups. * Superimposed: Created by foreign powers (e.g., Africa).

Location Factors: Site factors (climate, resources) vs. situation factors (connections like rivers, roads, airports).
Urban Models and Hierarchy: * Central Place Theory: Analyzes urban hierarchy, range, and threshold (specialized services need high density). * Primate City Rule: Largest settlement is double the second largest. * Rank size rule: Largest settlement is double the second, triple the third, etc.
Internal City Models: * Burgess concentric zone: Rings with older homes near the center. * White sector model: Wedges with a center CBD based on transportation and industry. * Harris and Almonds multiple new line model: Multiple CBDs/nodes attracting different people. * Elastic model (Periphery): Features edge cities on the city limits. * Latin American city model: Spine connects CBD to wealthy retail; includes a dis amenity zone (poverty). * Sub Saharan African city model: Three different CBDs and informal settlements/squatter settlements. * Southeast Asian city model: Based around a port with a government zone.
The bid rent here: Near the CBD, land is expensive, leading to vertical building. Density decreases further away into suburbs with single family homes.
Sustainability: Smart growth policies, urban growth boundaries, and new urbanism counter urban sprawl. Challenges include historical segregation from redlining and blockbusting/white flight.

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