How Translation Works

DNA and RNA Transcription

• Genetic information in DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA).

Translation Process

• mRNA binds to small ribosomal subunit.
• Large ribosomal subunit associates with small subunit.

Ribosome Function

• Initial tRNA occupies the P site.
• Subsequent tRNAs enter the A site.
• Anticodon on tRNA pairs with codon on mRNA for correct amino acid sequence.
• Ribosome moves along mRNA in sets of three nucleotides (codons).

tRNA Transition

• Initial tRNA moves to E site after transferring its amino acid.
• New tRNA with complementary anticodon enters A site.
• Old tRNA is passed to P site; its amino acid is transferred to growing chain.

Termination

• Ribosome continues until stop codon is reached.
• Protein release factor binds to stop codon, cleaving polypeptide from tRNA.
• Ribosomal complex disassembles.