Untitled Flashcards Set

French Revolution

Causes

Economy:

• 3rd Estate were taxed the most

• 2nd Estate spent money on luxury

• Financial ruin after aiding American Revolution

Social:

• Questioning the right of power of the King and Queen due to the Enlightenment period

Politically:

• People were influenced by the American Revolution

Ancien Regime - French’s social hierarchy which was divided into 3 estates. 

1st Estate - People who worked for the church

2nd Estate - King, Queen, and nobles

3rd Estate- Everyone else, Bourgeoisie (lawyers, doctors, business owners, artisans), poor farmers, and urban workers(Sans culottes)

Estates General: representative assembly, advised King, 3rd Estate was regularly outvoted by the 1st and 2nd Estates.

The Tennis Court Oath

3rd estate, National Assembly, made their own constitution

When they were locked out of the Estates General, they met in a tennis court and took the Tennis Court Oath vowing not to leave until constitutional change had been achieved

Women's March 1789

Mob of women stormed Versailles and made the King and Queen approve of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, while the women also imprisoned the King and Queen

National Constituent Assembly made the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen based on the ideas of enlightenment philosophers, created a limited monarchy as the King did not have as much power

King Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette were executed for treason and crimes against the state and were sent to the guillotine. 

After the French revolution, women lost some of their rights they gained due to the introduction of the The Napoleonic Code.

The Jacobins gained control and made radical reforms and made the Committee of Public Safety  which killed thousands of people accused of being enemies against France. The Reign of Terror ended when Robespierre, the leader of the Committee, was executed. 

Napoleon

1. He rapidly rose in the military during the french revolution

2. The National Convention made a new constitution gave power to a 5 member Directory

3. However, Napoleon overthrew them in a military coup and appointed himself France’s first consul

4. He would eventually crown himself emperor of France

Napoleon established the Continental System: blocking European ports from British trade. (Economic Warfare), financially hurt Europe as they had limited access to British goods

Napoleon implemented his own law code, The Napoleonic Code: Equality under law, Religious toleration, Abolition of serfdom, however women lost some rights and censorship increased

Downfall

1. Napoleon attacked Russia after they withdrew from the Continental System

2. A series of losses came, France lost the Peninsular War and the the Battle of Leipzig

3. Napoleon was no longer emperor and was exiled to Elba due to the Treaty of Fontainebleau,

4. When he returned, he lost again at the Battle of Waterloo and was again exiled to Saint Helena

Congress of Vienna: meeting of the most powerful nation-states of Europe

Purpose - Main goal was to undo what Napoleon had done to Europe

• Reduce France’s boundaries and prevent it from attacking Europe again

• Restored old European monarchies: Legitimacy of Rule

• Prevent future wars by creating a balance of power

• France was to compensate the nations they fought

Impact

• Nationalism spread through Europe

• No war between any of the great powers occurred for the next 40 years

• France lost all the territory it conquered

• Congress System: The great powers would meet to discuss important issues.

• German states united under the German confederation lead by Austria

• Denied independence to Belgians, Poles, & other nationalistic groups

New Political Ideologies

Reactionary wants to return to a previous condition

Conservative wants to maintain existing condition

Liberal wants to make moderate changes gradually

Radical wants to make basic changes quickly

Haitian Revolution

Causes

Political

• The French Revolution weakened France’s control

• Imperial rivalries provided potential allies for the rebels

Social

• Slavery- uprisings by slaves and maroons (escaped slaves).

• The social hierarchy pitted free people against each other 

• Voodoo(combined Catholic & African animism) gave slaves a common religion

• Inspired by the French Revolution

Economic 

• Few benefited from the island’s wealth

Impact

• Haiti was forced to repay former slave owners and France under threat of invasion

• Haiti took out loans from the US and France leading to Haiti becoming one of the poorest country in the Americas

• The French had left Haiti with poor soil with depleted nutrients

• Independence spreads throughout Latin America 

Toussaint L’Ouverture

1. Former slave and Jacobin(radical French political group), he unified the slave revolts against France for Haiti’s independence

2. Toussaint L’Ouverture ousted the British and Spanish from Haiti

3. L’Ouverture drafted a constitution & ruled it as governor for life.

4. L’Ouverture would die of pneumonia while imprisoned by the French

Latin Revolutions 

Causes

• Mercantilism & encomienda system(labor and payment from the natives to the spanish) lead to unequal social divisions

• The enlightenment inspired liberalism- ideas of liberty, equality, & democracy

• Creoles were socially inferior to peninsulares despite having wealth & education

  •  Social Hierarchy in the Spanish American colonies

• Inspiration of earlier American, French, & Haitian Revolutions.

Impact

Mexican Revolution: Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican Independence

Simon Bolivar: led an army of revolutionaries against Spain. Wanted to create a unified nation called Grand Colombia similar to the US.

Newly independent Colonies of Bolivia, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador

Jose San Martín led the independence movement in southern South America

New nations of Argentina, Chile, Peru

Pedro I “The Liberator” declared Brazil's independence from Portugal

Industrial Revolution

Agricultural Revolution in Britain: Efficient and mechanical agriculture ex. plows, Jethro Tull’s horse-drawn seed drill increased crop yield -> fewer farmers needed

Enclosure Movement: making common land into private owned land

This lead to an increased population and the movement to cities(urbanization)

Causes

• Deposits of coal and iron in Britain

• Enclosure Movement made farmers lose jobs and they moved to the city

• Britain had colonies for raw materials which would then be a marketplace for their goods

• Closeness of rivers to raw materials and British cities

• Transportation: railroads, steamboats, smoother roads, standardized railway times

• Communication: electrical telegraph 

• Inventions:spinning jenny, power loom, steam engine, production of cast iron using Puddling Method, Bessemer-Process mass-producing steel

Impact

• A new middle class emerged: included business owners, industrialists, and capitalists.They worked in mines,factories,and the homes of the aristocracy and middle class.

• Urbanization increased as workers moved to cities leading to them being overcrowded and unsanitary. The poor would live in tenements.

• Child Labor was common as poor families would send their children to work

• Labor unions created to gain more rights like better pay and working conditions

• Public education programs established 

• More women entered the workforce leading to early movements for equality and suffrage (voting rights)

New Ideologies emerged

Karl Marx: Socialism/Communism, Argued all of history was about class struggle.

* All goods must be distributed equally otherwise the workers (proletariat) will revolt against the factory owners (bourgeoisie)

Adam Smith: Free market/Capitalism 

Based on supply and demand

Argued for Laissez-faire: Government stays out of the economy.

Thomas Malthus: Eugenics

There would not be enough food to feed a growing population so he reasoned that its okay to reduce the population

Nationalism: People identifying with their nation and supporting its interest, especially excluding the interests of other nations

Increased during the Industrial Revolution

Joint Stock Companies: Investors invested in overseas explorations, they were directly liable for debts incurred, even if the company was disbanded. However, they allowed the undertaking of larger business ventures.(basically allowed the funds for colonies and private armies)

Ottoman Empire

Gunpowder Empire - Used cannons to conquer Constantinople

Sultan - Political and religious leader of the Turks, ruled over Viziers (advisors) who in turn ruled over provincial governors

Sultan had enslaved concubines in the Harem (sacred place) and offspring could become heir; when they gained power they killed their brothers

Janissaries - kidnapped children from christian families raised as muslims and loyal to Sultan;

• Skilled and highly ranked soldiers or officials in state bureaucracy - non-elected officials rather than elected officials

Millet - minority religious communities, they payed a jizwa (Religious tax on “people of the Book”/Bible); had religious autonomy

Enlightenment - a revolution in human thinking

Philosophers sought to find natural laws to understand human behavior to solve society's problems

Thomas Hobbes: believed an absolute monarchy could impose order and was necessary as humans are naturally selfish

Divine Right

Absolute Monarchs claimed that they received their power directly from god.

European Monarchs sought to have absolute power.

John Locke: Believed people are naturally moral so the government should have limited power and needs to be accepted by all citizens. He believed people were born with Natural rights  such as the right to life, liberty and property. If the government violates these rights people have the right to overthrow it.

Rousseau: believed people in the state of nature are naturally good. However society corrupts them so limited government is necessary. Wrote The Social Contract. Believed a social contract between all members of society is necessary. The good of the community is above the good of the individual.

Mary Wollstonecraft wrote The Vindication of the Rights of Woman. She called for the equal education of boys and girls.

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Causes

• The Portuguese began using Africans as slaves when exploring the west coast of Africa 

• They would work on plantations, in mines or in homes as servants.

Impact

• Europeans adopted the belief that Africans were biologically inferior (racism).

• Slavery expanded due to economic benefits of triangular trade and free labor.

• African slave traders would seize captives and bring them to coastal trading forts. The slaves were exchanged for manufactured European goods.

• Many African slaves were forcibly converted to Christianity. However, the enslaved Africans were able to integrate and keep aspects of their own traditions:syncretism

King Affonso of the Kongo: He wanted to continue contact with Europe but hated the concept of slavery.

He wrote to the Portuguese to stop the slave trade put his attempts failed

Mit'a System of the Inca

Citizens were required to do labor for the state a set period of time to complete state projects like roads, bridges