2/27/26 Greek A&A Notes

Introduction to Greek Architecture

• Concept of Saving in Architecture

  • Saving indicated in structural design elements.

  • Discussion of decorative course above stone slabs (architrave) linking columns.

• Architrave Definition

  • Decorative element running from the middle of one column to another, forming a crucial part of structural support in classical architecture.

  • Comparison to Lego building kits, emphasizing construction technique.

• Doric Architecture

  • Discussion on the Temple of Apollo at Thermon and architectural evolution.

  • Decorative elements include triglyphs and metopes:

  • Triglyphs: Three-stroke stone items, traditionally aligned with the Doric order.

  • Metope: Plain or decorated panels that serve as a contrasting feature to triglyphs.

• Ionian Temples Characteristics

  • Differentiation from Doric architecture: continuous decorative frieze instead of alternating triglyphs and metopes.

  • Column Capitals: Instead of squished pillows, Ionian capitals have volutes (spiral scrolls).

  • Base of Ionian Columns: A torus that is often molded, contributing to a more pronounced base than Doric columns.

  • Fluting Difference: Doric fluting has pointed grooves; Ionian fluting consists of grooves with flat spaces in between.

• Historical Overview

  • Transition from wooden to stone materials in temple construction.

  • The Temple of Hera at Olympia showcases evolving architectural practices with alternating column styles, indicating a prolonged development process.

  • Description of classical temple components:

  • Gryptoros: Perimeter surrounding the temple.

  • Naus: Central part housing the idol.

• Regional Significance

  • The development of temples led by individuals (tyrants) who seized power, contrasting with democratic approaches.

  • The term "Tirans" originates from Anatolian monarchies, evolving Greek political thought regarding sovereignty and power.

Elements of Temple Design

• Structural Features of Temples

  • Discussion on the significance of monumental architecture in displaying power, control, and administrative capability of leaders.

• Case Study: Temple of Hera on Samos

  • Architect: Rhoikos – his contributions to temple design noted.

  • Overview of architectural features:

  • Two Rows of Columns: Comprehensive structuring around the temple, indicating evolving complexity.

  • Influence of Local Styles: Variability in temple architecture across regions such as Ephesus, known for monumental sanctuary structures.

• Iconography and Function of Temple Styles

  • Example of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

  • Discussion of statuary and temple decorations that reflect historical and mythological narratives:

  • Treatment of Artemis as both a Greek goddess and an incorporation of Anatolian spiritual beliefs.

Details of Temple Construction

• Materials and Construction Techniques

  • Use of ceramic tiles as a roofing solution for temples, noting advantages of cost and waterproofing compared to marble.

  • The architectural technique of creating pitched roofs from trusses to shed rainwater, leading to enhanced durability.

• Importance of Pedimental Sculptures

  • Pediment: Triangular space serving as a canvas for artistic decoration.

  • Importance of thematic consistency in decoration, focused on narratives of order versus chaos and respect for the divine.

• Medusa and Symbolism

  • Representation of Medusa as both a terrifying force and as a protective symbol (apotropaic).

  • Discussion of figures around Medusa representing various narrative elements of Greek mythology, including figures like Pegasus and heroes like Perseus.

The Temple of Hera in Corcyra (Corfu)

• Town Founding and Cultural Development

  • Reference to Corfu as a settlement established by Corinth, emphasizing the spread of traditional architecture.

• Architectural Structures

  • Description of Temple of Hera, including layout and design characteristics distinguishing it as early Greek Doric architecture.

  • Experimentation within Doric standards observed at sites like Poseidonia, with further innovations occurring in western colonies.

• Comparative Analysis of Art and Iconography

  • The occurrence of graphical storytelling within temple art, focusing on local narratives intertwined with colonizers’ tales and identities.

Interpretation of Iconography

• Iconic Sculptures and Motifs

  • Perseus featured in motifs, indicating narratives around the restoration of order among supernatural elements.

  • Examination of stories like Heracles and the unique interpretations resonating within Western Greek culture.

• Cultural Identity through Iconography

  • Temples convey localized narratives through decorations, allowing colonizers to assert their identities through shared and unique lore, emphasizing distinctive local myths.

Discussion of Cultural Exchange

• Cultural Influence and Adaptation

  • Differences between thesis and antithesis: Greek architecture as a culmination of various influences versus the perspective of unilateral development.

  • Examination of exchanges with neighboring cultures, noting the fluidity of artistic techniques and architectural styles among ancient cultures.