EXP NOTES FOR EXAM 3

Chapter 7 Vocabulary:

Declarative memory
* Includes both semantic and episodic memory
Explicit Memory
* Episodic and Semantic information is consciously accessible or “explicit” (you know that you know) and it is usually easy to verbalize or “declare” you knowledge.
Episodic memory
  * Memory for a specific autobiographical event (includes information about the spatial and temporal context: where and when the event occurred.)
  * Tagged in Time and Space
  * Autobiological:” I REMEMBER”
  * Consciously Accessible (you know that you know)
  * Learned in single exposure.
Semantic memory
  * Memories for facts or general knowledge about the world. (Not Tagged in Time and Space)
  * Factual “I KNOW”
  * Consciously Accessible (you know that you know)
  * Can be learned in single exposure but also strengthened by repetition.

Example for Episodic and Semantic: If you are asked to name the first president of the United States , you can state your answer. Episodic= Information “WE” Remember, Semantic: Information “WE” Know

BOTH EPISODIC AND SEMANTIC

Can be communicated flexibly, in different formats than the one in which they were originally acquired
Mental time travel
* To re-experience and the event in memory
* Requires a conscious sense of self, as well as a subjective sense of time passing

Consolidation: If you can still remember a fact or event after a few months, then the odds are very good that you’ll remember it permanently. Episodic and semantic memories have a consolidation period , a length of time during which new memories are vulnerable and easily lost. (pg.92)

Reconsolidation:

Labile memory-

standard consolidation theory-An episodic memory consists of many components such as sight, sound, texture and other features , stored in the sensory and association cortex.

holds that the hippocampus and related medial temporal lobe structures are initially required for episodic memory storage and retrieval but their contribution diminishes over time until the cortex is capable of retrieving the memory without hippocampal help.
Through the process of consolidation , the components can form direct connections with each other and no longer need hippocampal mediation.

multiple memory trace theory- episodic (and possibly semantic) memories are encoded by an ensemble of hippocampal and cortical neurons , and the cortical neurons never, in normal circumstances, become fully independent of the hippocampal neurons.

As more connections accumulate the ensemble grows and the memories may be partially spared if hippocampal damage occurs

free recall, cued recall, recognition, directed forgetting, directed remembering, depth-of-processing effect, transfer-appropriate processing effect,

Ribot’s law/ gradient, anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia,

agnosia, proactive interference, retroactive interference, misattribution, source amnesia, cryptomnesia (inadvertent plagiarism), false memories, eyewitness memory,

basal forebrain, diencephalon, frontal cortex, medial temporal lobe (includes hippocampus)

Key names: Herman Ebbinghaus, Nicola Clayton, Patient H.M. (Henry Molaison)

gv Memory Attribution

We think we have first hand knowledge of an event but we do not

Cryptomnesia

When you think our idea is yours, but it is not because you had prior experience that you do not remember

Source Amnesia

Failure to recall the source of information ( when, where, was information obtained? From whom

Confabulation

When we don’t actually remember a period of time, but we can make something up about what we were likely to be doing

False Memories

Memory for an event that did not happen, even though you are confident that you remember experiencing it

Elizabeth Loftus

Some people are more susceptible to implantation of false memories.

Medial Temporal Lobe

Hippocampus, Amygdala, “cortex” Entorhinal Cortex, Perirhinal Cortex, Parahippocampus Cortex.

Patient H.M

Taught us a lot about brain basis of explicit memory bilateral seizures leading to surgery where both hemispheres medial temporal lobes were removed fixed his seizures , but he lost the ability to encode any new explicit memories

HM -Anterograde Amnesia (can’t encode new things) vs. Retrograde Amnesia (can’t retrieve old memories)

H.M did not have retrograde amnesia except for his most recent explicit memories just prior to the surgery his retrograde amnesia followed Ribot’s Law= a gradient of memory apartment just prior to event

Patient E.P

Same surgery→same outcome
P.B just hippocampus removed →same outcome
(MISSING INFOOOO?)

Where Are Explicit Memories Stored?

Episodic

Hippocampus is required for initial encoding, retrieval of recruit experiences (explains Ribot’s Law); but it is not needed for Long Term Storage + Retrieved; stored Long Term is neocortex

Semantic

Hippocampus is retrieved for encoding, but not retrieved stored in neocortex long term practiced. Beth was born without a Hippocampus she can encode semantic memory (using a compensatory system) she has no autobiographical memory.

Frontal Cortex

Helps us regulate what is remembered /retrieved regulate the hippocampus at (missing infor)

Theories of Consolidation (The encoding of memory)

Standard Theory of Consolidation

MTL is required until cortec can retrieve info without help of hipp

STM (MTL) → LTM (CORTEX)

Multiple Memory Trace Theory

Hippocampus needed for encoding + retrieval.

STM (MTL +CORTEX) → LTM (MTL + CORETX)

Reconsolidation Period

Episodic memories are vulnerable to distortion because in the hippocampus when retrieved, they are reorganized changed, have things added and have things reconsolidated (put back)

Brain Subtrates of Working Memory :

Prefrontal Cortex (Front 1/3 of human brain

Chapter 9 Notes

Long Term Non-Declarative Memoy Input Memory

Less easy to describe/ share in words; demonstrate rather than tell
Priming “Spreading Activation”
  * Networks of associated information are ready to be accessed …. With word stem incompletion tasks
  * Discuss a topic
  * Complete a list of words A_B_C_, words will likely be related to topic
Familiarity: A feeling that is hard to put into decorative form, you just know

Skills

Cognitive Skills-ways of solving problems
* Journalist skillof asking who ,what,where,whom,why
* Science,math,economics, emotion regulation
Perceptual motor skills-motor skills guided by sensory input
* Sports,crafts, driving , etc
Open Skills-many successful ways to perform motor out put changes with sensory inputs
Closed skills-one way (perfect way) to perform
Skill Acquisition: Fifth