Bio Midterm 24-25

Mitochondria- Powerhouse of the cell

**Enxymes- Protein catalyst

Incomplete Dominance- Neither allele is dominate Ie; Red flower and white flower produces pink flowers

Spindle Fibers- forms during cell division

Cell Membrande- barrier of the cell

Chloroplast- Found in plants

Crossing over- chromosomes cross with one another

Asexual Reproduction- Reproduction with a single organelle: producing an identicle clone

Cancer- uncontrollable growing speed of chromosomes

What are the complementary bases in DNA? A-T, C-G

If there is 10 A bases, how many will be T? 10

Compare and Contrast diffusion and active transport- Both moves molecules, Diffusion: type of passive transport, Active transport: requires energy to work to it's full extent

If an organism's diploid # is 42, it's haploid # is..?- 21

How many nucleotides (bases) make up 1 codon, 2 codons? - 3, 6

What is the arrangement of Amino acids in a protein determined by? Side chain interiors

What are the characteristics of RNA? Single stranded

What is the building block for carbs? Glucose (sugar)

What is the building block for proteins? Amino Acids

What is the building block for Lipids? Fatty acids and gisceral

What is the building block for Nucleic acids? Neucleotides

What is a neucleotide made up of? Sugar, Phosphate, base

What happens to atoms in chemical reactions? Atoms re-arrange

Where is DNA stored? Neocloues (big cirlce)

What are examples of organic molecules? Any macromolecule with carbon (carbs,lipids,proteins, etc)

What are the 4 pahses of MITOSIS in order? PMAT: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

What is the end result of MEIOSIS? Reprouction cells/ Gametes/ Egg and Sperm cells

What are the processes that happen prior to making an embryo? Meiosis, Fertilization to a zygote, Mitosis into an embryo

**Enzyme Substrate Complex: Enzymes break down the substrates but the enzymes only work if everything is perfect (the snobs)

**What mostly influences the function of an enzyme? It's shape

Where does tRNA match up with mRNA? The Ribosomes

How does mRMA recieve infromation from DNA? Seperates How does the DNA of a mouse differ from the DNA of a cat? The order and pattern of the DNA

How do different cell types develop from the same ebryo? Acids can be arranged differently

***Knowing that thousands of human proteins are created from only 20 different amino acids, how is such a wide variety of proteins possible? Different sequences

What cell structures work together during protein synthesis? Ribosomes

Order the structures from small to large; nucleus, chromosome, gene-- Gene, chromosomes, nucleous

Order the structures from small to large; Cells, organs, organ systems, tissue, organisms-- Cells, organs, organ systems, tissue, organisms

**Where do the substrates break down throughout the enzyme? The active sight

**What is a catalyst? In an enxyme and it speeds up the reaction happening