Chapter 2 Body Structures
Cellular level - smallest structure and functional unit of the body
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Tissue level - group of cells that perform a specialized function
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Organ level - groups of tissues that perform a specific function
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System level - group of organs that are interconnected or that have similar or interrelated functions
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Organism level - collection of body systems that makes up the most complex level
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chondr/o - cartilage
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cyt/o - cell
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hist/o - tissue
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nucle/o - nucleus
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anter/o - anterior
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caud/o - tail
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dist/o - far
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dors/o - back
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infer/o - lower
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later/o - to side
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medi/o - middle
poster/o - back
proxim/o - near
super/o - upper above
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ventr/o - belly
ad- toward
Logist - specialist in
Logy - study of
Lysis - separation, destruction, loosening
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Ac - pertaining to
Al - pertaining to
Ar - pertaining to
Ary - pertaining to
Eal - pertaining to
Iac - pertaining to
Ic - pertaining to
Ior - pertaining to
Ous - pertaining to
Tic - pertaining to
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Adduction - toward midline
Abduction - toward lateral
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abdomin/o - abdomen
cephal/o - head
cervic/o - neck or neck of uterus
crani/o - cranium
Gastr - stomach
ili/o - ilium
inguin/o - groin
lumb/o - loins, lower back
pelv/i - pelvis
spin/o - spine
thorac/o - chest
umbilic/o - umbilicus, navel
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Body planes - an imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections
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Transverse - horizontal
Coronal - frontal plane, front & back
Midsagittal - median plane
radi/o - radiation
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Diaphragm - separates the thoracic cavity from the adominopelvic cavity
dors/al - cranial, spinal region
ventr/al - thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
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AP - anteroposterior
Bx,bx - biopsy
LAT,lat - lateral
LLQ - left lower quadrant
LUQ - left upper quadrant
PA - posteroanterior, pernicious anemia, pulmonary artery, physicians associate
RLQ - right lower quadrant
RUQ - right upper quadrant
CT - computed tomography
CXR - chest x-ray, chest radiograph
MRI - magnetic resonance imaging
PET - positron emission tomography
US - ultrasound
SPECT - single-photon emission computed tomography
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Adhesion - band of scarlike tissue that forms between two surfaces inside the body and causes them to stick together
Edema - swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues, or cavities
Pitting - edema caused by fluid accumulation that can be shown by applying pressure to swollen area
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Inflammation - protective response of body tissues to irritation, infection, or allergy
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Septicemia - systemic disease cause by infection w/ microorganisms and their toxins circulating blood
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Culture & Sensitivity - lab test of body fluid placed on culture medium to identify cause of infection, and sensitivity test to determine which antibiotic drug will work best
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Endoscopy - visual examination of the interior of organs and cavities w/ a specialized lighted instrument
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Fluoroscopy - uses fluorescent screen to produce visual images from x-rays
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging - radiographic procedure that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body
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Nuclear scan - radiographic procedure that produces images of an organ or area of the body by introducing a radionuclide substance
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Tomography - radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross section, or slice of an area, tissue, or organ
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Computed tomography - x-ray rotates in full arc to acquire multiple views of the body
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Ultrasonography - small transducer passed over skin that transmits sound waves that bounce off body tissue and produce images
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X-ray - high-energy electromagnetic waves pass through the body onto a photographic film to produce an image
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Anastomosis - connection between 2 vessels to allow flow
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Cauterize - burning tissue w/ electricity, freezing, heat, or chemicals
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Incision & Drainage - release pus or pressure built up under the skin, such as from an abscess or boil
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