Canadian History Exam Review Notes

Exam Review

Part A: Multiple Choice (Knowledge, 20 Marks, 20 Mins)

Part B: Important Events (Knowledge, 10 Marks, 10 Mins)

Part C: Historical Significance (Thinking, 20 Marks, 25 Mins)

Part D: Paragraph Responses (Communication Application, 15 Marks, 35 Mins)

Total

70 Marks, 90 Mins

For Each Term

• Define and identify its importance to Canadian history/identity
• State the era (date) which it occurred in
• State the Prime Minister in power

Unit 1: World War One

• Armistice
  • Definition: An agreement to stop fighting.
  • Importance: Ended World War One.
  • Era: November 11, 1918.
  • Prime Minister: Borden
• Treaty of Versailles
  • Definition: The peace agreement made after WW1.
  • Importance: Severely punished Germany, leading to future resentment and instability.
  • Details: Germany had to pay for the war and was significantly weakened.
  • Prime Minister: Borden
• Schlieffen Plan
  • Definition: German plan to quickly defeat France before focusing on Russia.
  • Importance: Aimed to prevent a two-front war for Germany.
• Trigger Cause of WWI
  • The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.
• Military Alliances
  • Triple Entente: England, France, and Russia.
  • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
  • Prime Minister: Borden
• Billy Bishop and Red Baron
  • Billy Bishop: Canada’s best pilot with over 75 confirmed kills.
  • Red Baron: Germany’s best pilot with 80 confirmed air victories.
• No Man's Land
  • Definition: The area between opposing trenches.
  • Characteristics: Heavily defended with machine guns, barbed wire, and air surveillance.
• Vimy Ridge
  • Significance: Considered Canada’s greatest victory in WW1, fostering a sense of national identity and pride.
  • Details: Gen Arthur Currie became the first Canadian-born commander of the army. 3500 casualties.
• Conscription Crisis
  • Details: English Canadians largely supported conscription, while French Canadians opposed it.
  • Prime Minister: Borden
• Ypres
  • Canadians gained a reputation as courageous fighters, which led to the development of better gas masks; first step to building a nation.

Unit 2: The Roaring 20s/Dirty 30s

• Winnipeg General Strike
  • Details: Workers protested in Winnipeg, leading to violence. 1 man was killed and 30 were injured on Saturday June 26th, 1930. The strike was a failure.
  • Prime Minister: Borden
• Women Get Vote
  • Details: Women were given the right to vote on October 18, 1929, after bringing their case to the Privy Council of England.
  • Prime Minister: Borden
• Famous Five
  • Emily Murphy: 1st female magistrate in Canada & British Empire
  • Nellie McClung: Alberta legislature, 1921.
  • Henrietta Edwards: National Council of Women, 1893.
  • Louise Mckinney: Women’s Christian Temperance Union, Alberta legislature, 1917.
• Prohibition
  • Details: Alcohol was banned during WW1 to conserve grain and later to "clean up the streets." In 1919, the USA banned the sale of alcohol, but Canada continued to sell to the U.S.
  • Prime Minister: Borden
• Speakeasies
  • Definition: Secret bars that opened during prohibition.
  • Characteristics: Code names, passwords, moonshine (homemade alcohol).
  • Organized crime controlled speakeasies and bribed police & politicians, and were very profitable.
• Frederick Banting
  • Co-creator of insulin, sold patent rights for $1 to ensure widespread access.
• Statute of Westminster
  • Definition: Bill passed in British Legislature that allowed Canada to decide its involvement in foreign affairs
  • Prime Minister: William Lyon Mackenzie King
• Black Tuesday
  • Date: October 29, 1929.
  • Details: Stock market crashed, leading to significant financial losses and the Great Depression.
  • Prime Minister: William Lyon Mackenzie King
• Regina Riots
  • Communists in Regina rioted in an attempt to overthrow the government. Tim Buck, was arrest on sedition.
  • Prime Minister: Bennet
• On-to-Ottawa Trek
  • 1600 men took trains to confront PM Benett in June 1935.
  • Prime Minister: Bennet
• NDP
  • New Democrats Party. They rejected capitalism & communism and wanted democratic socialism when they were originally created.
• Indigenous Peoples (Residential Schools)
  • Steven Harper was the first PM to formally apologize to Indigenous peoples for their time in Residential Schools.

Unit 3: World War Two

• Fascism
  • Definition: Country ruled by a dictator who has total power and demands total obedience.
  • Characteristics: Use of terror, propaganda, and hate. Private ownership exists, but the dictator ensures his people are successful.
• Policy of Appeasement
  • Definition: A policy of concession to appease the aggressor in a war.
• Blitzkrieg
  • Definition: Lightning warfare used by the NAZIs in WW2 using planes, tanks, and artillery to quickly decimate the enemy.
• Luftwaffe
  • German Air Force used by Hitler to bomb Britain and soften the defenses.
• Non-Aggression Pact
  • Nazi-Soviet Pact: It led to the invasion of Poland, and eventually, the end of the war.
• Avro Arrow
  • Diefenbaker set the exchange rate at %0.92 to make Canadian goods less expensive for foreign customers which helped the economy, and he cancelled the Avro Arrow fighter jet because it was too expensive and instead bought American Bomarc missiles (ineffective).
• Dieppe
  • Details: Raid on Dieppe to test German defenses (Operation Jubilee). It ended with the Allies controlling the beach in Dieppe. 5,000 CDNs landed, 900 died, 500 were wounded and 2,000 were taken prisoner because they were found.
• D-Day
  • Details: Allied invasion of Normandy to liberate France. Canada contributed 10% of the total invasion. Omaha, and Utah were the American beaches, Gold and Sword were the British beaches and Juno was the Canadian beach. The operation was successful, but very costly. However, Hitler’s “Atlantic Wall” had finally come down.
• Scorched Earth Policy
  • The Russians used a scorched earth policy to burn and destroy anything that the Germans could use ending the Nazi advance in December of 1941.
• Final Solution
  • A euthanasia program to eliminate “unworthy life” and used Zyklon B gas to carry out mass murder.
• Atomic Bomb
  • The bombs resulted in the surrender of Japan. Many people were instantly vaporized, and this led to Japan deciding to end their war effort. The bombing also led to the Cold War later on in the late 1900s.
• Conscription Crisis

Unit 4: Cold War/Canada’s Golden Age

• Iron Curtain
  • Division between Communist States (Soviet-led) and Democratic States (US-led) in Europe.
• Suez Crisis
  • Details: Conflict over the Suez Canal after Egypt nationalized it because Britain and France controlled the Suez Canal in Egypt, which was a vital trade route that joined the Mediterranean Sea - Red Sea - Indian Ocean. Canada's Lester Pearson proposed a peacekeeping mission until an agreement can be reached.
• Cuban Missile Crisis
  • Castro nationalized American businesses (banks, oil, sugar/coffee) cut all ties with the USA, and began trade with Russia (USSR). In 1961, the US tried to overthrow Castro in the Bay of Pigs invasion
  • In 1962, the US learned that the USSR was stockpiling nuclear missiles in Cuba. The missiles could reach most of the United States and parts of Canada (including Toronto, Montreal, and Winnipeg).
  • A 13-day standoff between the US and USSR took place, where US naval ships formed a blockade around Cuba. Eventually, the USSR withdrew their missiles from Cuba.
• NATO
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Member nations would protect each other if attacks. Members included Canada, USA, UK, France, and Portugal.
• Warsaw Pact
  • Created in response to NATO. Members: USSR, E., GER, POL, HUN, ect.
• Igor Gouzenko
  • a Russian spy who didn’t want to go back to Russia because he loved Canadian life. He defected to the Canadian government.
• Baby Boom Effect
  • Definition: A big increase in birth rate from 1946-66. The government encourages people to have kids by paying each mother a baby bonus of $6/ month until age 16.
• Auto Pact
  • Details: Pearson removed the tariff. GM, Ford, and Chrysler started to dominate the market. GOOD - Canadian economy boost! ($500m + jobs). BAD - Canadian car companies disappeared.
• St. Lawrence Seaway
  • Allowed ships to travel deeper in-land which improved trade in Central Canada
• NAFTA
  • North American Free Trade Agreement which was used to facilitate trade between Canada, Mexico and the U.S.
• Bill of Rights
  • guaranteed each citizen’s rights and freedoms. Then, he extended voting rights by allowing Aboriginals to vote without giving up the status.

Unit 5: Changing Canadian Society

• New Flag
  • Details: Pearson wanted a flag without colonial ties. Officially introduced on Feb 15, 1965. 1 maple leaf to represent Canadian nature.
• National Energy Program
  • Trudeau NEP Goals (Completed by 1990):
    • 50% of Alberta oil to be owned by Canadian companies
    • New tax to expand Petro-Canada
    • Incentives for companies to look for oil in the Arctic
    • Tax oil companies to generate money for other federal programs
• White Paper
• Charter of Rights & Freedoms
  • Trudeau wanted the Charter of Rights & Freedoms entrenched into the Constitution Act b/c it protected CDNS from the government.
• Official Languages Act
  • The Official languages act 1969 made English and French the official language of Canada. This opened Canada to immigrants from all over the world because more new-comers felt welcome to come to the country.
• The FLQ
  • The Front de Liberation du Quebec was a terrorist group that intended to bring change in Quebec through violence. Between 1963 and 1970, they were responsible for over 200 violent attacks.
• October Crisis
  • The FLQ kidnapped James Cross (the British trade Minister) on October 5th.
  • PM Trudeau ordered the army into Quebec City, Montreal and Ottawa while also allowing police to arrest anyone without a warrant (465 arrests).
• War Measures Act
• Medicare
• Pensions
  • PM Pearson created a pension plan that deducted money from workers’ wages to support seniors who had retired.
• Baby Bonus
  • The government encouraged people to have kids by paying each mother a baby bonus of $6/ month until age 16.
• New Constitution
  • Under PE Trudeau, the Canadian government negotiated with the UK to become an independent nation.
• Meech Lake Accord
  • A failed attempt by Quebec to separate from Canada.
• Gulf War
  • In 1990, Saddam Hussein (Iraq) invaded Kuwait for oil. Mulroney sent 3 ships for the blockade.
• Rwanda
  • In 1993, the Hutus began a 100 day campaign to murder 800,000 Tutsi in the civil war. Canadian General Romeo Dallaire requested 5,000 UN troops but was denied.

Prime Ministers

• Mackenzie King
  • Details: cautious leader, and believed in the art of compromise. In 1925, the economy was going well, and King decided to call another election Mackenzie-King created 28 crown corporations to produce everything from rubber to aircraft. In Feb 1942, PM Mackenzie-King extended this order to all Japanese-CDNS. 79% of English-Canada said YES. 72% of French-Canadians said NO.
• Diefenbaker
  • New National Policy: develop the North, Give money to East Coast (develop economy), PCs willing to spend $ on families. In 1962, he created the points system. This made nw criteria that eliminated racial discrimination. He set the exchange rate at %0.92 to make Canadian goods less expensive for foreign customers which helped the economy, and he cancelled the Avro Arrow fighter jet because it was too expensive and instead bought American Bomarc missiles (ineffective).
• Borden
  • Led through WW1 and was popular among most people. He had to force conscription before the war due to low enlistment rates. gave special voting rights army personnel & their families which was the first time women were allowed to vote.
• Pearson
  • Political Career Held two Liberal-minority governments. Universal health Care, Canada Pension Plan, Student Loans. New national flag. New employment laws.Pearson repaired the Canada-US Relations. agreed to install nuclear warheads in the Bomarc missiles.
• P.E.Trudeau
  • Liberalized divorce and abortion laws and decriminalized homosexuality. Official Government Policies: Bilingualism and multiculturalism The Official languages act 1969 made English and French the official language of Canada Opened Canada to immigrants from all over the world.
• Mulroney
  * Mulroney condemned the massacre, but the Chinese market was too rich to impose economic sanctions. 900 Canadian soldiers joined an army of 30,000 from 20 countries.
• Chretien
  • PM CHretien expanded relations all over the world by creating Team Canada missions.Delegations were sent to Asia (IND, CHI), South America (MEX,ARG,BRA), and Europe (RUS, GER) to set up commercial, political, and cultural links. The death tool of Canadaian soldiers started to rise as they were being attacked by suicide bombers and land mines.