Entomology Unit 2

Page 1:

  • Superorder Paraneoptera:

    • Includes thrips, lice, and true bugs

    • External development from pads

    • More advanced groups have sucking parts

    • Antennae length is reduced

  • Order Psocdea, "lice":

    • Two pairs of membranous wings held roof-like at rest

    • Antennae are filamentous

    • Members are generally soft and small with a swollen clypeal region

    • Nonparasitic lice are omnivorous, feeding on fungus, molds, etc.

    • Possess a siderophore-pestle in head to grind food

    • Swollen clypeal region is to accommodate muscles for operation of this system

    • Members can use modified salivary glands to produce silk to make shelters

    • Members are pests of books and other stored products

    • Parasitic lice: Ectoparasites of birds and mammals

  • Three suborders of lice are parasitic:

    1. Amblycera: "Chewing lice"

    2. Ischnocera: "Chewing lice"

    3. Anoplura: "Sucking lice"

  • Order Hemiptera, "True bugs":

    • Sucking parts for feeding on phloem

    • Speciation is closely linked to diversification of vascular plants

    • Proventriculus and rectum reduced because of a reduced need for water

    • Some predatory species inject digestive enzymes that paralyze and melt

  • Suborder Heteroptera:

    • Beak originates from anteroventral region of head

    • Mesothoracic wings are composed of a leathery basal region and membranous distal region

    • Antennae are filiform in terrestrial species and concealed in aquatic species

    • Family Corixidae:

      • General description: Short antennae, broad unsegmented beak, and oar-like metathoracic tarsi

      • Habitat: Quiet waters

      • Diet: Omnivorous, prothoracic tarsi is used to scoop up foods

      • Oxygen exchange in young is cuticular, and in adults is carried as a thin film under wings

    • Family Notonectidae:

      • Antennae short, beak is short and stout, dorsum is strongly convex, and keel shaped

      • Members are aquatic predators

      • Young oxygen exchange is cuticular and O2 is carried on ventral side of adults

Page 2:

  • Family Belostomatidae:

    • Raptorial prothoracic legs, mesothoracic and metathoracic legs have fringes of setae

    • Members are predatory

    • Adults gain O2 from short retractable siphon

    • Some males carry eggs on back

  • Family Gerridae:

    • Exposed antennae are often larger than the head

    • Legs and body are elongated

    • Tarsal claws covered with dense piles of hydrophobic setae

    • Wing polymorphism is frequent

    • Members are omnivorous or predatory

  • Family Reduviidae:

    • Short 3 segmented beak with raptorial prothoracic legs

    • Ambush predators

  • Family Miridae:

    • Basal portion of hemelytron possesses cuneus, an offset triangular piece

    • Almost entirely phytophagous

  • Family Cimicidae:

    • Oval, flattened, and wingless bodies

    • Nocturnal blood suckers that reproduce with traumatic insemination

  • Family Lygaeidae:

    • 4 segmented beak, raptorial prothoracic legs and membrane of hemelytra has 4-6 longitudinal veins

    • Wing polymorphism is frequent

    • Mostly phytophagous but some are predatory

    • Some are coinhabitants of mammals

  • Family Coreidae:

    • Tibiae of metathoracic legs are thick and leaf-like

    • Almost entirely phytophagous

    • Usually found on vegetation

  • Family Pentatomidae:

    • Large shield like body

    • Often possess scent glands

    • Most are phytophagous but many are predatory and some omnivorous

  • Suborder Sternorrhyncha:

    • Elongated bodies with membranous wings that are held roof-like over the body

    • Capable of parthenogenesis and have complex life cycles (aphids)

    • Includes 4 families:

      1. Family Cicadidae:

      • Large bodies

      • Arboreal life habits

      • Eggs are laid on trees and young fall to ground

      • 2 life cycle types: Periodicals + annuals

      • Males produce sound with rapidly vibrating tymbals which is then amplified with a resonance chamber

      • Tympana is located anteroventrally under a protective layer

      1. Family Cercopidae:

      • Elongated body with short setaceous antennae

      • Metathoracic legs possess stout spines

      • Nymphs develop in spit like fluid

      • Members are host-specific to their plants

      1. Cicadellidae:

      • Also host specific

      • Highly mobile honeydew-producers

  • Suborder Sternorryncha:

    • Beak originates in back region of head and antennae are filiform

  • Superfamily Aphidoidea:

    • Body's are often pear-shaped

    • Long slender legs and antennae

    • Sexual and parthenogenetic life cycles

    • Wing polymorphism

    • Honeydew production leads to ant farmer protectors

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  • Superorder Holometabola Clade Neuropterida:

    • Order Megaloptera, "Dobsonflies":

      • Predatory larvae have paired lateral gills, while pupae in soil are immobile yet can bite

      • Adults are clumsy and cannot feed

    • Order Raphidioptera, "Snakeflies":

      • Adults and young are predatory

      • Young live under rocks and logs

      • Pupae also have functional mandibles

    • Order Neuroptera, "Nerve-wings":

      • Wings held like roof over body

      • Larvae have specialized mouthparts to suck fluids from prey

      • Overwhelmingly predatory in nature

      • Larvae spin cocoons with silk from malpighian tubes

      • Some families lay stalked eggs

    • Order Coleoptera:

      • 350,000 species, making up ¼ of all species known

      • 2 pairs of wings hidden under elytra

  • Suborder Adephaga:

    • Family Carabidae, "Ground beetles":

      • Long legs and slightly flattened dorsoventrally

      • Some are nocturnal and are found in a wide variety of habitats

      • Many have chemical defenses

    • Family Dytiscidae, "Predaceous diving beetles":

      • Smooth oval body with flattened legs for swimming

      • Species are predatory and nocturnal

      • Adults surface caudal end up

      • Adults have natatorial metathoracic legs

    • Family Gyrinidae, "whirligig beetles":

      • Black, shiny, and oval bodies

      • Compound eyes divided into dorsal and ventral pairs

      • Larvae are preparatory while adults are scavengers

  • Suborder Polyphaga:

    • Family Hydrophilidae:

      • Oval smooth body with clubbed antennae

      • Thrive in stagnant water

      • Adults are scavengers while young are predators

      • Smaller adults carry use bubbles to get oxygen while bigger adults carry oxygen with their antennae as bubbles

    • Family Staphylinidae, "rove beetles":

      • Larvae like bodies

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  • Most members of the order Coleoptera are saprophagous or predaceous

    • They are found in detritus

  • Family Scarabidae:

    • Oval or elongated bodies

    • 8-10 segmented lamellate antennae

    • Phytophagous or coprophagous

  • Family Buprestidae, "metallic borers":

    • Elongated bodies

    • Bore into dead or dying wood

    • Adults are found on logs or flowers

  • Family Elateridae, "Click beetles":

    • Elongated with rounded ends

    • Capable of jumping

    • Adults found on foliage, young found in detritus

  • Family Lampyridae, "Fireflies":

    • Somewhat flattened and elongated bodies

    • Some females are larviform

    • Adults and young are predatory

    • Members prefer damp areas

  • Family Cantheridae, "Soldier beetles":

    • Elongated and flattened

    • Found in many habitats, adults are found on flowers and young are predatory

  • Family Coccinellidae, "Ladybugs":

    • Predators of aphids and scales

    • A few species of adults are phytophagous

  • Family Tenebrionidae, "Darkling beetles":

    • Often brown/black

    • Phytophagous and found in detritus

    • Some are pests of grain

  • Family Meloidae, "Blister beetles":

    • Soft-bodied and loosely constructed

    • Adults are phytophagous and larvae are predators

    • Some young feed on bee larvae and provisions

    • Larvae undergo "hypermetamorphosis", the first instar is locomotive

  • Family Cerambycidae, "Long-horned beetles":

    • Antennae often longer than ½ total body length

    • Eyes are often emarginated and the antennae emerge from this vacated area

    • Phytophagous and saprophagous

  • Family Chrysomelidae, "Leaf beetles":

    • Short clubbed antennae

    • Often colorful

    • All members and stages are phytophagous

  • Family Curculionidae, "Weevils":

    • Often specialized phytovores

    • Retractable geniculate antennae

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  • Order Strepsitera, "Twist-winged parasites":

    • Males have 2p of wings with raspberry-like eyes

    • Females lack eyes, antennae, legs, and wings

    • Males are short-lived and do not feed

    • Members are transported to host by other insects and are parasites of hymenopterans and hemipterans.