Chapter_17_Applications_of_Immune_Responses

Section 1: Course Overview

• BIOL&260 Microbiology: Introduction to Microbiology and human interactions with the microbial world.

• Chapters Covered:

  • Chapter 1: Humans and Microbial World

  • Chapter 3: Cells and Methods to Observe Them

Section 2: Bacterial Growth

• Chapters Covered:

  • Chapter 4: Dynamics of Microbial Growth

  • Chapter 5: Control of Microbial Growth

  • Chapter 6: Microbial Metabolism

Section 3: Eukaryotic Microbes and Viruses

• Chapters Covered:

  • Chapter 12: Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

  • Chapter 13: Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

Section 4: Human Microbe Interactions

• Chapters Covered:

  • Chapter 14 & 15: Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses

  • Chapter 16: Host-Microbe Interactions

  • Chapter 19: Epidemiology

Section 5: Control and Prevention of Microbial Infections

• Chapters Covered:

  • Chapter 17: Applications of Immune Responses

  • Chapter 20: Medication

Chapter 17: Applications of Immune Responses

• Topics:

  • 17.1 Principles of Immunization

  • 17.2 Vaccines and Immunization Procedures

  • 17.3 Immunotherapies

  • 17.4 Principles of Immunoassays

  • 17.5 Common types of Immunoassays

Immunization Concepts

• Figure 17.1: Microbe-immune arms race

  • Hosts evolve to prevent microbial infections.

  • Microbes adapt to resist host immune systems, leading to an evolutionary cycle.

  • Human intelligence allows for direct intervention against infections.

  • Further reading: Red Queen Hypothesis

Principles of Immunization

• Figure 17.2: Immunization Strategies

  • Less common strategies used after specific exposure events.

  • Short-duration and long-duration vaccines available.

Bacterial Diseases and Effects

• Diphtheria: Respiratory infection with a 10% death rate in unvaccinated populations.

• Pertussis (Whooping Cough): Severe respiratory tract infection characterized by violent coughing.

• Tetanus: Caused by contaminated soil; severely affects the nervous and muscular systems.

• Bacterial Meningitis: Inflammation of membranes around the brain; death rates are 10% among infected, with permanent disabilities for others.

Viral Diseases and Effects

• Hepatitis B: Sexually transmitted, potentially fatal viral attack on the liver.

• Rotavirus: Causes severe diarrhea, fever, and dehydration; responsible for over 500,000 child deaths annually.

• Polio: Can lead to paralysis or death.

Additional Viral Diseases

• Measles: Can cause severe rash and fever; potentially deadly.

• Mumps: May lead to deafness and reproductive difficulties due to salivary gland swelling.

• Rubella: Fever and rash; poses risk of birth defects if contracted during pregnancy.

• Chicken Pox: Skin rash; can cause complications such as encephalitis and pneumonia.

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

• HPV: Sexually transmitted; linked to cervical cancer and other types of cancers.

• Significant mortality rates, especially in developing countries; vaccines have significantly reduced disease tolls in the USA.

Importance of Vaccines

• Table 17.2: Impact of Vaccination on Disease Incidence

  • Vaccination reduces disease incidence dramatically.

  • Examples of diseases with decreases in cases:

    • Diphtheria: From 175,885 cases (1920-1922) to nearly 100% reduction.

    • Measles: From 503,282 (1958-1962) to nearly 100% reduction.

    • Pertussis: From 147,271 (1922-1925) to 77.6% reduction.

Timing of Vaccines

• Vaccines ideally administered before exposure for memory cell development.

• Booster doses enhance memory cell response.

• Some vaccines can be given post-exposure (e.g., rabies).

Types of Vaccines

• Attenuated Vaccine: Weakened form of pathogen.

• Inactivated Vaccine: Killed viruses or detoxified particles; may require boosters.

• mRNA Vaccines: Encode proteins; innovative approach demonstrated by COVID-19 vaccine.

Principles of Immunoassays

• Immunoassay: In vitro test utilizing antibody-antigen interactions for detection or quantification.

  • Detects unknown pathogens through known antibodies.

  • Shows current or past infections via patient antibodies binding to known pathogens.

Immunoassays: Test Types

• Direct Test: Detects direct binding of labeled antibodies to unknown antigens.

  • Positive result indicates presence of antigen.

  • Negative result indicates absence of antigen.

Indirect Test

• Patient's antibodies bind to known antigen; detected via labeled secondary antibodies.

  • Positive result indicates presence of antibodies in serum.

  • Negative result indicates no antibodies detected.

Final Notes

• Prepare for short answer (2-4) and multiple choice questions (1-4) based on the content discussed, as well as applications and critical thinking assignments related to Chapter 17.