Psychopathology and Treatment Models

Quiz Introduction

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• QR code available for quick access.

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General Information

• Acknowledges that the quiz content may not be fresh in students' minds due to time elapsed.

• Students encouraged to participate and have fun with the quiz.

Discussion of Classification Systems

• Instructor reviews quiz results, noting familiarity with the World Health Organization (WHO) and its linkage to classification systems.

• Discussion on the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) and ICD (International Classification of Diseases).

  • ICD: Produced by WHO, global diagnostic system.

  • DSM: Property of the American Psychological Association (APA), more US-centric.

  • Noted differences and similarities between the two systems, with a focus on understanding what they assess.

Biomedical Model and Psychopathology

• The quiz touches on the biomedical model's link to neurotransmitters, particularly serotonin.

  • SSRIs: Mentioned as medications related to serotonin reuptake and treatment for depression.

• Psychopathology is associated with various explanatory frameworks, including:

  • Genetic dysfunction.

  • Behavioral deactivation (behaviorism).

  • Cognitive restructuring (cognitive approach).

  • Unconscious conflicts (psychodynamic view).

Introduction to Models of Psychopathology

• Three primary models discussed:

  • Behavioral Model

  • Cognitive Model (leading to CBT)

  • Humanistic Model

• Each model provides unique explanations of psychological distress and therapeutic interventions.

Behavioral Model

• Definition: Mental health difficulties are seen as maladaptive learned behaviors.

• Learning Processes: Classical and operant conditioning are key concepts.

  • Classical Conditioning: Involves learning through associations (e.g., Pavlov's dogs).

  • Operant Conditioning: Focuses on behavior modifications through reinforcement and punishment.

Cognitive Model and CBT

• Development of CBT: Integrates behavioral and cognitive approaches.

• Core Concepts:

  • Negative cognitive distortions and their role in psychological issues, especially depression.

  • The Cognitive Triad: Self, world, and future views contribute to mental health issues.

• Techniques like cognitive restructuring help modify maladaptive thoughts and promote mental wellness.

Humanistic Approach

• Emphasizes intrinsic human potential and the need for meaningful relationships.

• Key Figures: Carl Rogers and Maslow.

• Therapeutic Principles: Emphasis on unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence within the therapist-client relationship.

Evaluation of Therapeutic Effectiveness

• Challenges in evaluating effectiveness include:

  • Variability in individual responses.

  • Influence of concurrent treatments (e.g., medications).

  • Measurement limitations and reliance on self-reported data.

• Behavioral and cognitive approaches show strong efficacy in treating anxiety disorders, with significant outcomes in meta-analyses.

Conclusion

• The final discussion emphasizes the need for integrating elements across different models while recognizing their limitations.

• Q&A session concludes the session with reflections on personal experiences and theoretical applications.