Economic Activity and Energy flashcards
Q: What is the primary sector?
A: Jobs involving the extraction of natural resources from the Earth, e.g. farming, fishing, mining.
Q: What is the secondary sector?
A: Jobs involving manufacturing or processing raw materials into goods, e.g. factory work, car production.
Q: What is the tertiary sector?
A: Jobs providing services to people or businesses, e.g. teachers, doctors, retail workers.
Q: What is the quaternary sector?
A: Jobs involving information services and research, e.g. scientists, software developers.
Q: What does the Clark-Fisher model show?
A: The shift in employment from primary to tertiary and quaternary sectors as a country becomes more developed.
Q: What sector dominates in pre-industrial societies?
A: The primary sector.
Q: What sector dominates in industrial societies?
A: The secondary sector.
Q: What sector dominates in post-industrial societies?
A: The tertiary and quaternary sectors.
Q: Give two reasons for the decline of the primary sector in developed countries.
A: Mechanisation and cheaper imports from abroad.
Q: What is formal employment?
A: Work that is officially recorded, taxed, and regulated by the government.
Q: What is informal employment?
A: Work that is not officially registered or taxed, e.g. street vendors, shoe shiners.
Q: What are the advantages of informal employment?
A: Provides jobs for those who can’t access formal work; offers flexibility.
Q: What are the disadvantages of informal employment?
A: Low wages, lack of job security, no legal protection.
Q: What is unemployment?
A: When people are actively looking for work but cannot find a job.
Q: What factors influence the location of industry?
A: Raw materials, transport, market, labour supply, government policy.
Q: What is a footloose industry?
A: An industry not tied to any particular location due to its low dependence on raw materials or transport.
Q: What is deindustrialisation?
A: The decline of the secondary sector, especially manufacturing, in developed countries.
Q: What is globalisation?
A: The growing interconnection of countries through trade, communication, and culture.
Q: What is a transnational corporation (TNC)?
A: A company that operates in more than one country, e.g. Nike, McDonald’s.
Q: What are the benefits of TNCs in developing countries?
A: Job creation, infrastructure development, access to technology.
Q: What are the drawbacks of TNCs in developing countries?
A: Exploitation of workers, environmental damage, profits may not stay in the country.
Q: What are renewable energy sources?
A: Sources that can be replaced naturally, e.g. solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal.
Q: What are non-renewable energy sources?
A: Sources that will eventually run out, e.g. coal, oil, natural gas.
Q: What is fossil fuel?
A: A non-renewable energy source formed from the remains of dead plants and animals.
Q: What is energy security?
A: When a country can meet all its energy needs reliably and affordably.
Q: What is energy insecurity?
A: When a country cannot meet its energy demands consistently.
Q: Name 3 causes of energy insecurity.
A: Conflict, lack of resources, over-dependence on imports.
Q: What is an energy gap?
A: When energy demand is higher than energy supply.
Q: What is the difference between energy surplus and energy deficit?
A: Surplus = more energy than needed. Deficit = less energy than needed.
Q: What is sustainable energy?
A: Energy that meets today’s needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.
Q: What are the advantages of solar energy?
A: Renewable, no pollution, good for remote areas.
Q: What are the disadvantages of solar energy?
A: Expensive to set up, weather dependent.
Q: What are the advantages of wind energy?
A: Renewable, no greenhouse gas emissions.
Q: What are the disadvantages of wind energy?
A: Noisy, visual pollution, not reliable.
Q: What are the advantages of hydroelectric power (HEP)?
A: Reliable, renewable, can store energy.
Q: What are the disadvantages of hydroelectric power?
A: Expensive, floods land, affects ecosystems.
Q: What are the advantages of fossil fuels?
A: Reliable, high energy output, existing infrastructure.
Q: What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels?
A: Non-renewable, pollution, contributes to climate change.
Q: What is fracking?
A: A method of extracting oil or gas by fracturing rock layers with high-pressure fluid.
Q: What are the environmental impacts of fracking?
A: Water pollution, earthquakes, methane leaks.
Q: What is a carbon footprint?
A: The amount of carbon dioxide released due to human activity.
Q: How can we reduce our carbon footprint?
A: Use public transport, eat less meat, use renewable energy.
Q: What is an energy mix?
A: The combination of different energy sources used by a country.
Q: What factors influence a country’s energy mix?
A: Availability of resources, cost, level of development, government policy, climate.
Q: Give an example of a country with a high use of renewables.
A: Norway – mostly hydroelectric power.
Q: Give an example of a country highly dependent on fossil fuels.
A: Saudi Arabia – large oil reserves and exports.