Euro Anchor Dates: Unit 2

1509- Erasmus writes In Praise of Folly. Northern Humanism.  “Laid the Egg that Luther Hatched”. Criticized the Church for lack of true piety (also criticized Pope Julius II)

1517 - Luther’s 95 Theses. Against sale of indulgences (Tetzel) and other abuses (simony, nepotism etc).  Later ideas include salvation through faith alone (sola fide) and Bible in the vernacular - more direct relationship with God.  Ideas embraced by Princes who wanted independence from the Pope.

1534 - Act of Supremacy in England - Henry VIII was “Defender of the (Catholic) Faith” but est. the Anglican Church to get a divorce.  Book of Common Prayer in England.

1555 - Peace of/Treaty of Augsburg - in HRE “he who rules determines the religion”.  Same year - HRE divided into East & West by Charles V: split between Philip II & Ferdinand -> Hapsburgs divided into Spanish & Austrian branches.

1558-1603- Reign of Elizabeth I - Golden Age (literature: Shakespeare) - politique (allows religious toleration).  Unmarried.  Defeated the Spanish Armada (1588) -> England becomes naval superpower.  Last of Tudors. Next is Stuarts in 17th C.

1598 - Edict of Nantes ends French Wars of Religion (“Can’t harm the Protestants in France”) - Henry IV (of Navarre) publicly converts to Catholicism (“Paris is worth a Mass”)

1618-1648 - Thirty Years’ War - 4 phases.  Started with Defenestration of Prague.  Later phases were less religious and more political. Ends with Treaty of Westphalia which legalizes Calvinism & Lutheranism in HRE & recognized independence of the Dutch Republic -> no more wars of religion.