Comprehensive Spanish Grammar Review Guide
Vocabulario y Género
Palabras de Género:
Nouns ending in are typically masculine (e.g., ).
Nouns ending in are typically feminine (e.g., ).
Exceptions and Special Categories:
Words ending in , , or of Greek origin are often masculine (, , ).
Words ending in , , , , and are usually feminine (, , ).
Some nouns referring to people keep the same form, and only the article changes (, ).
El Presente de Indicativo
Verbos Regulares:
verbs: .
verbs: .
verbs: .
Verbos Irregulares (Total Change):
(to be): .
(to go): .
Cambios en la Primera Persona (Yo):
GO-verbs: , , , , .
ZCO-verbs: Verbs ending in , , or change the to in the form: , , .
JO-verbs: Verbs ending in or change the to : , .
Verbos Terminados en -uir y -uar:
-uir: Add a before endings except for and . Example : .
-uar: Some require an accent on the in the "boot" forms. Example : .
Mandatos Informales (Tú)
Mandatos Positivos:
Generally uses the third-person singular of the present indicative.
, , .
Irregulares: , , , , , , , .
Mandatos Negativos:
Formation: Start with the form of the present indicative, drop the , and add opposite endings ( for verbs, for verbs).
, , .
Irregulares: (dar), (estar), (ir), (saber), (ser).
Mandatos con Pronombres de Complemento Directo:
Positivos: Pronouns are attached to the end of the verb (). Note: Accents are often added to maintain the stress on the original syllable.
Negativos: Pronouns are placed between the "no" and the verb ().
Los Verbos Gustar y Similares
Uso de Pronombres de Complemento Indirecto:
These verbs require Indirect Object Pronouns: .
Optional clarifying phrases (, , , etc.) can be added for emphasis or clarity.
Concordancia entre Sujeto y Número:
The verb must agree with the thing being liked (the logical subject), not the person who likes it.
Singular/Infinitive: / .
Plural: .
Uso en Otros Modos:
Presente: , , .
Imperfecto: Used for habitual likings in the past: .
El Pasado: El Pretérito
Formas Regulares:
: .
: .
Cambios en la Primera Persona (Yo):
(e.g., ).
(e.g., ).
(e.g., ).
Cambios en la Tercera Persona (Sandalias):
Only occurs in verbs that have a stem change in the present tense.
(e.g., ).
(e.g., ).
Cambio de "i" hasta "y":
Applies to and verbs where the stem ends in a vowel.
Example : .
Pretérito Irregular:
U-Stem: , , , , .
I-Stem: , , .
J-Stem: , , .
Special Endings: All irregular stems use: (note: no accents; J-stems use instead of in the 3rd person plural).
Palabras Clave (Indicators):
, , , , , .
Cambios de Significado (Preterite vs. Other Tenses):
Poder: Managed to/Succeeded; No poder: Failed to.
Saber: Found out/Discovered.
Conocer: Met (for the first time).
Querer: Tried/Attempted; No querer: Refused.
El Pasado: El Imperfecto
Formas Regulares:
: .
: .
Formas Irregulares:
: .
: .
: .
Usos:
Habitual or repeated actions in the past.
Descriptions (physical, emotional, mental states).
Telling time or age in the past.
Background information for a scene.
Actions in progress that are interrupted by the preterite.
Palabras Clave (Indicators):
, , , , .
Los Tiempos Perfectos
Presente Perfecto:
Formación de haber: .
Formación de participios pasados: ; .
Irregulares: .
Uso como Adjetivos: Participios must agree in gender and number with the noun when used as adjectives ().
Pluscuamperfecto de Indicativo (Past Perfect):
Formación: + participio pasado.
Uso: An action completed before another past action or point in time.
Condicional Perfecto:
Formación: + participio pasado.
Uso: Describes an action that "would have happened" but didn't.
Pluscuamperfecto de Subjuntivo:
Formación: + participio pasado.
Uso: Required in specific triggers (emotion, doubt, hypothetical "if" clauses) relating to the past.
El Futuro y El Condicional
Futuro (Regular):
Formation: Add endings to the infinitive: .
Condicional (Regular):
Formation: Add endings to the infinitive: .
Formación Irregular (Same for both Futuro and Condicional stems):
Drop 'e': , , , , .
Insert 'd': , , , , .
Other: , .
El Subjuntivo
Presente de Subjuntivo:
Formación Regular: Start with form of the present indicative, drop the , add opposite endings.
.
.
Irregulares (DISHES): , , , , , .
Triggers (The WEIRDO acronym):
Voluntad (Will/Wish): .
Emoción: .
Impersonal Expressions: .
Incertidumbre y Duda (Uncertainty/Doubt): .
El Imperfecto de Subjuntivo:
Formación: Start with the 3rd person plural of the preterite, drop the , add: .
Uso: Used in the same WEIRDO situations as the present subjunctive, but triggered by a past-tense main verb.
Secuencia de Tiempos:
Presente/Futuro/Mandato in main clause → Presente de Subjuntivo in dependent clause.
Pretérito/Imperfecto/Condicional in main clause → Imperfecto de Subjuntivo in dependent clause.
Si (If) Clauses:
Present Time (Possible): + Present Indicative → Present/Futuro/Mandato.
Hypothetical (Contrary to Fact): + Imperfect Subjunctive → Condicional.
Past Hypothetical (Contrary to Fact in the Past): + Pluscuamperfecto de Subjuntivo → Condicional Perfecto.
Por y Para
Usos de Por:
Reason or motive (because of).
Duration of time.
Movement along/through/around.
Exchange/Substitution (money for an item).
Communication or transportation (by).
Usos de Para:
Destination (toward a place).
Deadline (by a specific time).
Recipient (for someone).
Purpose/In order to (+ infinitive).
Comparison/Opinion ().
Employment.