Bio Full Year

Term I

CER

  • Be able to identify the parts of CER

  • Be able to construct a CER given data or an experimental design. 



Chemistry, reminders

  • Describe the structure of an atom

  • Identify the six key elements of life

  • Describe ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds

  • Identify the properties that make water a unique molecule.

  • Describe the biological implications of water’s polarity.

  • Describe the difference between a molecule and a compound.

  • Describe the difference between acidic, neutral, and basic substances.

 

Chemistry of life, biological molecules

  • Identify the four biological molecules (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids).

  •  Identify the smaller monomer or subunit that each organic molecule is composed of.

  • Identify the organic molecules by composition, picture, and/or function.

  • Write a description of each organic molecule including function and composition.

  • Discuss the importance of Carbon in organic molecules.



Enzymes

  • Describe how an enzyme functions.

  • Describe how enzymes interact with other molecules.

  • Explain the importance of enzymes in living organisms.

  • Compare and contrast hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.

  • Identify whether or not a reaction is hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis. 

  • Explain how temperature, concentration, and pH affect enzyme function.

  • Explain the difference between a catabolic and anabolic reaction. 

  • Draw a series of pictures demonstrating how an enzyme functions.

  • Explain enzyme inhibition and the different forms it takes

  • Describe the relationship between metabolism and enzyme function. 

  • Describe how enzyme activity changes outside of the optimal conditions.



    Characteristics of Life

    • Identify and recognize the 8 characteristics of life

    • Interpret, from a passage, what characteristics of life are exhibited and which ones are missing



    Ecological Organization

    • Sequence the terminology used to describe ecological organization. 



    Energy Flow

    • Be able to describe how energy flows through an ecosystem.

    • Explain how ecological pyramids work, all three types.

    • Make and interpret food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramids.  

    • Create ecological pyramids using an ecosystem description. 

    • Explain the 10% rule. 

    • Describe bioaccumulation, and explain an example of bioaccumulation

    • Describe biomagnification, and explain an example of biomagnification

    • Determine which members of a food chain or food web would have the greatest accumulation of toxins due to biomagnification



    Community Interactions

    • Contrast and exemplify abiotic versus biotic components of an ecosystem

    • Explain the importance of keystone species and provide an example of one.

    • Explain how trophic cascades occur.

    • Identify the positive and negative relationships between community members

    • Contrast and exemplify an organisms’ habitat versus its’ niche

    • Identify and explain the various types of symbiosis: parasitism, commensalism & mutualism

    • Contrast and exemplify intraspecific competition with interspecific competition

    • Compare and contrast parasitism with predation 

    • Discuss how organisms avoid predation

    • Discuss examples of camouflage, mimicry (Batsian and Mullerian)


    • Populations

      • Describe a population as exhibiting logistic or exponential growth.

      • Describe what causes logistic growth or exponential growth.

      • Describe carrying capacity and explain what causes carrying capacity to be reached.

      • Calculate Population change.

      • Calculate Population density

      • Explain what a limiting factor is.  

      • Differentiate between density dependent and density independent limiting factors.

      • Describe how limiting factors affect populations. 

      • Describe dynamic equilibrium.  

      • Describe the K & R Reproductive strategies, provide examples of each strategy. 

        Biogeochemical cycles

        • Explain what a biogeochemical cycle is.

        • Describe how carbon travels through the carbon cycle (process, changing molecules)

        • Identify carbon reservoirs and fluxes

        • Describe the Carbon cycle.

        • Explain the role autotrophs play in the carbon cycle.  

        • Discuss abiotic and biotic factors affecting the circulation of carbon.

        • Describe the short carbon cycle compared to the long carbon cycle.

        • Compare and contrast the carbon and hydrolytic cycle

        • Describe what global warming is and what causes global warming

        • Explain how the carbon cycle is linked to climate change.



        Nitrogen & Phosphorus Cycles

        • Describe how nitrogen moves through biotic and abiotic

        • Explain how living things rely on bacteria to get the nitrogen they need.

        • Explain why organisms need nitrogen

        • Describe how phosphorous moves through biotic and abiotic

        • Explain how organisms rely on plants to obtain the phosphorous needed.

        • Explain why organisms need phosphorus.


          Human Impact

          • Explain what an invasive species is and how it impacts the environment.

          • Describe an example of an invasive species.

          • Describe bioaccumulation, and explain an example of bioaccumulation

          • Describe biomagnification, and explain an example of biomagnification

          • Determine which members of a food chain or food web would have the greatest accumulation of toxins due to biomagnification  

          • Identify the parts of HIPPCO

          • Determine how you can make choices that reduce the impact of humans through HIPPCO.

          • Explain what the Tragedy of the Commons is.  




          Human Population Growth

          • Explain the demographic transition model and describe what factors cause the transitions.

          • Explain the events, factors, that have allowed the human population to grow exponentially.  

          • Interpret an age structure diagram and use an age structure diagram to predict future population growth.  

          • Determine which phase of the demographic transition model a country occupies given population growth data.


          Introduction to cells

          • Describe the major differences between a prokaryote and a eukaryote and provide an example of each.  

          • Distinguish between a Prokaryote and a Eukaryote.  

          • Distinguish between a plant and animal cell. 

          • List the three parts of the cell theory.



          Cell organelles

          • Describe the function of each organelle found in a cell.

          • Recognize a drawing of the organelle.  

          • interpret analogies of the cell organelles & parts. 



          Microscope use

          • Use a microscope to find a specimen and focus under each of the objectives.

          • Explain how to use a microscope.



          Viruses

          • Identify a virus based on structure.  

          • Explain whether a virus is alive or not.  Provide evidence to support your explanation

          • Describe how viruses reproduce.  

          • Distinguish between the lytic and lysogenic cycles

          • Compare a virus to a cell. 




          Cell Membrane

          • Identify the parts of the cell membrane.

          • Describe the functions of the cell membrane.

          • Relate the structure of the cell membrane to the functions of the cell membrane

          • Draw diagram of the cell membrane



          Cell Transport 

          • Distinguish between active and passive transport.  

          • Explain osmosis.

          • Identify whether a solution is hypotonic,  hypertonic or isotonic compared to another solution. 

          • Determine which way water will move in differing scenarios and be able to use appropriate terminology in your explanation.  

          • Explain how a cell membrane maintains homeostasis.  

          • Determine how cells will change when placed in different environments. 



          Osmotic Balance

          • Describe dehydration and hyponatremia

          • Explain the situation in which dehydration and hyponatremia arise. 


Photosynthesis

  • Write out the equation for photosynthesis and identify the products and reactants of the light reactions and light independent reactions.  

  • Identify how the molecules involved in photosynthesis change throughout the reactions.

  • Describe the structure of a chloroplast and identify the parts of this organelle. 

  • Relate the structure of a chloroplast to the organelle’s function. 

  • Explain which wavelengths of light are most useful to green plants.

  • Describe the role water plays in the Light Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis. 

  • Describe how NADPH is generated.

  • Describe how ATP is generated. 

  • Explain how oxygen is produced during photosynthesis. 

  • Briefly describe the three steps of the Calvin Cycle.

  • Explain how the Light Independent Reactions depend on the Light Dependent Reactions.  

  • What factors limit photosynthesis?  

  • Describe specifically how each of these factors may lead to a disruption in photosynthesis. 

  • Describe several physical adaptations plants have to deal with environmental conditions that impact photosynthesis.

  • Compare and contrast, C3 plants, CAM plants and C4 plants

  • Explain which environments CAM plants and C4 plants are best suited to survive in.  



Cellular Respiration



  • Write out the equation for cellular respiration.

  • Distinguish between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.  

  • Draw and label a mitochondria. 

  • Identify the major accomplishments of each of the metabolic processes involved in aerobic respiration.

  • Identify the amount of ATP made in each of the metabolic processes involved in aerobic respiration.

  • Explain why we need to breath.(specifically what is the oxygen breathed in used to do)  

  • Identify where (in what process) and how the reactants of aerobic respiration are used.

  • Identify where  (in what process) and how the products of aerobic respiration are produced. 

  • Describe the functions of fermentation.

  • Compare and contrast the two types of fermentation

  • Describe how the form of the mitochondria relates to its function.

  • Compare and contrast cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

  • Explain the similarities in reactions and processes between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.  

  • Recognize the ATP molecule and explain how energy is kept in it.   

DNA Structure

  • Identify the parts of the structure of DNA.

  • Sketch a diagram of DNA.

  • List the major contributors to the discovery of DNA and what the contribution was. 

  • Describe complementary base pairing. 

  • Explain Chargaff’s rule

  • Explain how directionality of DNA is determined



DNA Replication

  • Describe the role of complementary base pairing in DNA Replication.

  • Describe the role enzymes play in DNA Replication.

  • Compare the leading and lagging strands in DNA Replication. 

  • Explain how DNA replication is semi-conservative.  



Cell Cycle

  • List the major parts of the cell cycle and briefly describe what happens in each. 

  • Identify the phases of the cell cycle in drawings or photographs. (Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis)

  • Be able to label the parts of a cell going through the phases of mitosis.

  • Explain why cells may need to divide.

  • Identify the checkpoints and what is verified at each point

  • Describe how the cell cycle is controlled.

  • How do the concentrations of cyclins and Cdks change through the cell cycle.  

  • Briefly explain the role of p53 in the cell cycle.

  • Describe the result of losing control of the cell cycle. 





Cell Differentiation

  • Describe what cell differentiation is. 

  • Explain why cells specialize. 

  • Identify the difference between totipotent, multipotent and differentiated cells. 



Meiosis & Fertilization

  • Identify the phases of meiosis

  • Place the phases of meiosis in chronological order.

  • Identify the objectives of meiosis.

  • Describe the events that lead to the formation of unique haploid cells. 

  • Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.

  • Differentiate between meiosis in males and meiosis in females.

  • Use appropriate terminology.

  • Compare and contrast asexual reproduction & sexual reproduction

  • Describe the advantages and disadvantages of external and internal fertilization.

  • Explain the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins



Chromosomes and Karyotypes

  • Describe a chromosome 

  • Identify when chromosomes form.

  • Describe human chromosome number

  • Interpret a karyotype

  • Describe how nondisjunction occurs

  • Explain how sex is determined.








DNA Function

• Describe the outcome of transcription

• Compare and contrast DNA with RNA

• Explain the role of complementary base pairing in transcription.

Describe the difference between the coding and template strands of DNA

• Describe the roles each type of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) play in translation.

• Explain how information is encoded in DNA.

• Describe the outcome of translation

• Transcribe and/or translate a strand of DNA.

• Explain the role of complementary base pairing in translation.

• Explain how transcription and translation are initiated and terminated.

• Compare a polypeptide chain with a protein.

• Identify what determines the structure and function of a protein. 



Mutations

  • Describe and provide an example of a missense, nonsense and silent mutation.

  • Explain how the change in a single base pair can lead to a change in the function of the protein produced.

  • Describe a chromosomal mutation and how it occurs.

  • Explain the severity of a single base insertion or deletion and the result of the polypeptide change.

  • Provide evidence to support the statement “Not all mutations are deleterious”



Regulation of Gene Expression

  • Explain the importance of controlling gene expression.

  • Describe an example of how a gene may be regulated. 

  • Describe what epigenetics is & what it can be used for

  • Explain the value of identical twins in understanding the function of genes.  


Mendel’s Principles and probability

  • Determine which of mendel’s principles/laws applies to a given situation.

  • Use a punnett square to solve predict the inheritance of a single gene trait.

  • Determine the likelihood independent events will happen together. 

  • Calculate the number of offspring you expect to have a particular genotype or phenotype.

  • Explain what happens to the observed results of a genetic cross as more and more crosses are completed.

Pedigrees

  • Draw a pedigree using the correct symbols and arrangement of individuals.

  • Interpret a pedigree. (Determine the inheritance pattern and genotypes of individuals shown on the pedigree)



Dihybrid Cross

  • Determine the inheritance of two single gene traits together. (Dihybrid cross)



Non-Mendelian Inheritance

  • Identify the pattern or form of inheritance given a description

  • Solve inheritance problems for codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles and Polygenic inheritance patterns.

  • Blood type inheritance

    • Determine blood type given agglutination information.

    • Determine the inheritance of blood type (ABO & Rh factor) and predict offspring genotype and phenotype.



  • Solve Sex-linked inheritance pattern problems and pedigrees

  • Explain why the inheritance of sex-linked genes varies from typical expression patterns. 

  • Determine parent genotypes.

  • Identify the type or pattern of inheritance given a description including simple, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic, epistasis, sex-linked, and lethal allele. 





Classification

  • The 8 major groups in today’s system of classification.

  • Describe problems with common names

  • Use a dichotomous or taxonomic key

  • Identify the differences between the three domains and 6 kingdoms

  • Identify the differences in the animal phyla and classes covered in class. 

  • Recognize example organisms from the animal phyla and classes covered in class.

  • Interpret a cladogram

  • Construct a cladogram


Evolution

Early Earth 



  • Describe the endosymbiotic theory and evidence that supports the theory 

  • Describe the evidence supports the formation of life on earth.  

  • Describe the conditions present on early earth. 

  • Describe the type of organisms that may have been present on early earth

  • Explain how early earth’s conditions were inhospitable to today’s life, and how these conditions changed over time. 



Evolution through Selection (Agents of Evolution)



  • Describe Darwin’s theory of Natural selection utilizing statements like “struggle for existence” “natural variation” “survival of the fittest.

  • Compare and contrast Darwin and Lamarck’s ideas.

  • Identify the different types of selection, direction, stabilizing and disruptive.

  • Describe sexual selection, use examples

  • Discuss how natural selection and sexual selection cannot operate independently.

  • Compare the reproductive strategies of males and females.

  • Provide evidence that supports the theory of sexual selection.  

  • Describe what circumstances could cause each of the types of selection



Evidence of Evolution

  • Describe the different types of evidence that support the theory of Evolution and be able to provide examples of each.  

  • Determine  if a trait is an analogy or a homology.

  • Summarize and explain the evidence that supports whales have a common ancestor that walked on land.  

  • Explain the importance of transitional fossils, provide an example of a transition fossil. (we have talked about two)

  • Explain how allele frequencies change in a population due to natural selection

  • Define the Hardy-Weinberg principle and list the characteristics that must be present in a population in order to maintain genetic equilibrium.  



Speciation

  • Describe the different patterns of Evolution

  • Provide examples of each pattern of Evolution

  • Compare gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

  • Describe speciation.

  • Describe the events that must occur in order for new species to form

  • Describe how are species separated?

  • Describe five ways species remain separated.

  • Compare and contrast allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation.

  • Compare and Contrast the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

  • Describe the two hypotheses supporting the advantage of sexual reproduction.