Bio Full Year

Term I

CER

• Be able to identify the parts of CER

• Be able to construct a CER given data or an experimental design. 

Chemistry, reminders

• Describe the structure of an atom

• Identify the six key elements of life

• Describe ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds

• Identify the properties that make water a unique molecule.

• Describe the biological implications of water’s polarity.

• Describe the difference between a molecule and a compound.

• Describe the difference between acidic, neutral, and basic substances.

Chemistry of life, biological molecules

• Identify the four biological molecules (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids).

•  Identify the smaller monomer or subunit that each organic molecule is composed of.

• Identify the organic molecules by composition, picture, and/or function.

• Write a description of each organic molecule including function and composition.

• Discuss the importance of Carbon in organic molecules.

Enzymes

• Describe how an enzyme functions.

• Describe how enzymes interact with other molecules.

• Explain the importance of enzymes in living organisms.

• Compare and contrast hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.

• Identify whether or not a reaction is hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis. 

• Explain how temperature, concentration, and pH affect enzyme function.

• Explain the difference between a catabolic and anabolic reaction. 

• Draw a series of pictures demonstrating how an enzyme functions.

• Explain enzyme inhibition and the different forms it takes

• Describe the relationship between metabolism and enzyme function. 

• Describe how enzyme activity changes outside of the optimal conditions.

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  Characteristics of Life

  • Identify and recognize the 8 characteristics of life

  • Interpret, from a passage, what characteristics of life are exhibited and which ones are missing

  
  

  Ecological Organization

  • Sequence the terminology used to describe ecological organization. 

  
  

  Energy Flow

  • Be able to describe how energy flows through an ecosystem.

  • Explain how ecological pyramids work, all three types.

  • Make and interpret food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramids.  

  • Create ecological pyramids using an ecosystem description. 

  • Explain the 10% rule. 

  • Describe bioaccumulation, and explain an example of bioaccumulation

  • Describe biomagnification, and explain an example of biomagnification

  • Determine which members of a food chain or food web would have the greatest accumulation of toxins due to biomagnification

  
  

  Community Interactions

  • Contrast and exemplify abiotic versus biotic components of an ecosystem

  • Explain the importance of keystone species and provide an example of one.

  • Explain how trophic cascades occur.

  • Identify the positive and negative relationships between community members

  • Contrast and exemplify an organisms’ habitat versus its’ niche

  • Identify and explain the various types of symbiosis: parasitism, commensalism & mutualism

  • Contrast and exemplify intraspecific competition with interspecific competition

  • Compare and contrast parasitism with predation 

  • Discuss how organisms avoid predation

  • Discuss examples of camouflage, mimicry (Batsian and Mullerian)

  • Populations

    • Describe a population as exhibiting logistic or exponential growth.

    • Describe what causes logistic growth or exponential growth.

    • Describe carrying capacity and explain what causes carrying capacity to be reached.

    • Calculate Population change.

    • Calculate Population density

    • Explain what a limiting factor is.  

    • Differentiate between density dependent and density independent limiting factors.

    • Describe how limiting factors affect populations. 

    • Describe dynamic equilibrium.  

    • Describe the K & R Reproductive strategies, provide examples of each strategy. 

      Biogeochemical cycles

      • Explain what a biogeochemical cycle is.

      • Describe how carbon travels through the carbon cycle (process, changing molecules)

      • Identify carbon reservoirs and fluxes

      • Describe the Carbon cycle.

      • Explain the role autotrophs play in the carbon cycle.  

      • Discuss abiotic and biotic factors affecting the circulation of carbon.

      • Describe the short carbon cycle compared to the long carbon cycle.

      • Compare and contrast the carbon and hydrolytic cycle

      • Describe what global warming is and what causes global warming

      • Explain how the carbon cycle is linked to climate change.

      
      

      Nitrogen & Phosphorus Cycles

      • Describe how nitrogen moves through biotic and abiotic

      • Explain how living things rely on bacteria to get the nitrogen they need.

      • Explain why organisms need nitrogen

      • Describe how phosphorous moves through biotic and abiotic

      • Explain how organisms rely on plants to obtain the phosphorous needed.

      • Explain why organisms need phosphorus.

        Human Impact

        • Explain what an invasive species is and how it impacts the environment.

        • Describe an example of an invasive species.

        • Describe bioaccumulation, and explain an example of bioaccumulation

        • Describe biomagnification, and explain an example of biomagnification

        • Determine which members of a food chain or food web would have the greatest accumulation of toxins due to biomagnification  

        • Identify the parts of HIPPCO

        • Determine how you can make choices that reduce the impact of humans through HIPPCO.

        • Explain what the Tragedy of the Commons is.  

        
        
        

        Human Population Growth

        • Explain the demographic transition model and describe what factors cause the transitions.

        • Explain the events, factors, that have allowed the human population to grow exponentially.  

        • Interpret an age structure diagram and use an age structure diagram to predict future population growth.  

        • Determine which phase of the demographic transition model a country occupies given population growth data.

        
        Introduction to cells

        • Describe the major differences between a prokaryote and a eukaryote and provide an example of each.  

        • Distinguish between a Prokaryote and a Eukaryote.  

        • Distinguish between a plant and animal cell. 

        • List the three parts of the cell theory.

        
        

        Cell organelles

        • Describe the function of each organelle found in a cell.

        • Recognize a drawing of the organelle.  

        • interpret analogies of the cell organelles & parts. 

        
        

        Microscope use

        • Use a microscope to find a specimen and focus under each of the objectives.

        • Explain how to use a microscope.

        
        

        Viruses

        • Identify a virus based on structure.  

        • Explain whether a virus is alive or not.  Provide evidence to support your explanation

        • Describe how viruses reproduce.  

        • Distinguish between the lytic and lysogenic cycles

        • Compare a virus to a cell. 

        
        
        

        Cell Membrane

        • Identify the parts of the cell membrane.

        • Describe the functions of the cell membrane.

        • Relate the structure of the cell membrane to the functions of the cell membrane

        • Draw diagram of the cell membrane

        
        

        Cell Transport 

        • Distinguish between active and passive transport.  

        • Explain osmosis.

        • Identify whether a solution is hypotonic,  hypertonic or isotonic compared to another solution. 

        • Determine which way water will move in differing scenarios and be able to use appropriate terminology in your explanation.  

        • Explain how a cell membrane maintains homeostasis.  

        • Determine how cells will change when placed in different environments. 

        
        

        Osmotic Balance

        • Describe dehydration and hyponatremia

        • Explain the situation in which dehydration and hyponatremia arise. 

Photosynthesis

• Write out the equation for photosynthesis and identify the products and reactants of the light reactions and light independent reactions.  

• Identify how the molecules involved in photosynthesis change throughout the reactions.

• Describe the structure of a chloroplast and identify the parts of this organelle. 

• Relate the structure of a chloroplast to the organelle’s function. 

• Explain which wavelengths of light are most useful to green plants.

• Describe the role water plays in the Light Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis. 

• Describe how NADPH is generated.

• Describe how ATP is generated. 

• Explain how oxygen is produced during photosynthesis. 

• Briefly describe the three steps of the Calvin Cycle.

• Explain how the Light Independent Reactions depend on the Light Dependent Reactions.  

• What factors limit photosynthesis?  

• Describe specifically how each of these factors may lead to a disruption in photosynthesis. 

• Describe several physical adaptations plants have to deal with environmental conditions that impact photosynthesis.

• Compare and contrast, C3 plants, CAM plants and C4 plants

• Explain which environments CAM plants and C4 plants are best suited to survive in.  

Cellular Respiration

• Write out the equation for cellular respiration.

• Distinguish between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.  

• Draw and label a mitochondria. 

• Identify the major accomplishments of each of the metabolic processes involved in aerobic respiration.

• Identify the amount of ATP made in each of the metabolic processes involved in aerobic respiration.

• Explain why we need to breath.(specifically what is the oxygen breathed in used to do)  

• Identify where (in what process) and how the reactants of aerobic respiration are used.

• Identify where  (in what process) and how the products of aerobic respiration are produced. 

• Describe the functions of fermentation.

• Compare and contrast the two types of fermentation

• Describe how the form of the mitochondria relates to its function.

• Compare and contrast cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

• Explain the similarities in reactions and processes between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.  

• Recognize the ATP molecule and explain how energy is kept in it.   

DNA Structure

• Identify the parts of the structure of DNA.

• Sketch a diagram of DNA.

• List the major contributors to the discovery of DNA and what the contribution was. 

• Describe complementary base pairing. 

• Explain Chargaff’s rule

• Explain how directionality of DNA is determined

DNA Replication

• Describe the role of complementary base pairing in DNA Replication.

• Describe the role enzymes play in DNA Replication.

• Compare the leading and lagging strands in DNA Replication. 

• Explain how DNA replication is semi-conservative.  

Cell Cycle

• List the major parts of the cell cycle and briefly describe what happens in each. 

• Identify the phases of the cell cycle in drawings or photographs. (Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis)

• Be able to label the parts of a cell going through the phases of mitosis.

• Explain why cells may need to divide.

• Identify the checkpoints and what is verified at each point

• Describe how the cell cycle is controlled.

• How do the concentrations of cyclins and Cdks change through the cell cycle.  

• Briefly explain the role of p53 in the cell cycle.

• Describe the result of losing control of the cell cycle. 

Cell Differentiation

• Describe what cell differentiation is. 

• Explain why cells specialize. 

• Identify the difference between totipotent, multipotent and differentiated cells. 

Meiosis & Fertilization

• Identify the phases of meiosis

• Place the phases of meiosis in chronological order.

• Identify the objectives of meiosis.

• Describe the events that lead to the formation of unique haploid cells. 

• Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.

• Differentiate between meiosis in males and meiosis in females.

• Use appropriate terminology.

• Compare and contrast asexual reproduction & sexual reproduction

• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of external and internal fertilization.

• Explain the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins

Chromosomes and Karyotypes

• Describe a chromosome 

• Identify when chromosomes form.

• Describe human chromosome number

• Interpret a karyotype

• Describe how nondisjunction occurs

• Explain how sex is determined.

DNA Function

• Describe the outcome of transcription

• Compare and contrast DNA with RNA

• Explain the role of complementary base pairing in transcription.

Describe the difference between the coding and template strands of DNA

• Describe the roles each type of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) play in translation.

• Explain how information is encoded in DNA.

• Describe the outcome of translation

• Transcribe and/or translate a strand of DNA.

• Explain the role of complementary base pairing in translation.

• Explain how transcription and translation are initiated and terminated.

• Compare a polypeptide chain with a protein.

• Identify what determines the structure and function of a protein. 

Mutations

• Describe and provide an example of a missense, nonsense and silent mutation.

• Explain how the change in a single base pair can lead to a change in the function of the protein produced.

• Describe a chromosomal mutation and how it occurs.

• Explain the severity of a single base insertion or deletion and the result of the polypeptide change.

• Provide evidence to support the statement “Not all mutations are deleterious”

Regulation of Gene Expression

• Explain the importance of controlling gene expression.

• Describe an example of how a gene may be regulated. 

• Describe what epigenetics is & what it can be used for

• Explain the value of identical twins in understanding the function of genes.  

Mendel’s Principles and probability

• Determine which of mendel’s principles/laws applies to a given situation.

• Use a punnett square to solve predict the inheritance of a single gene trait.

• Determine the likelihood independent events will happen together. 

• Calculate the number of offspring you expect to have a particular genotype or phenotype.

• Explain what happens to the observed results of a genetic cross as more and more crosses are completed.

Pedigrees

• Draw a pedigree using the correct symbols and arrangement of individuals.

• Interpret a pedigree. (Determine the inheritance pattern and genotypes of individuals shown on the pedigree)

Dihybrid Cross

• Determine the inheritance of two single gene traits together. (Dihybrid cross)

Non-Mendelian Inheritance

• Identify the pattern or form of inheritance given a description

• Solve inheritance problems for codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles and Polygenic inheritance patterns.

• Blood type inheritance

  • Determine blood type given agglutination information.

  • Determine the inheritance of blood type (ABO & Rh factor) and predict offspring genotype and phenotype.

• Solve Sex-linked inheritance pattern problems and pedigrees

• Explain why the inheritance of sex-linked genes varies from typical expression patterns. 

• Determine parent genotypes.

• Identify the type or pattern of inheritance given a description including simple, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic, epistasis, sex-linked, and lethal allele. 

Classification

• The 8 major groups in today’s system of classification.

• Describe problems with common names

• Use a dichotomous or taxonomic key

• Identify the differences between the three domains and 6 kingdoms

• Identify the differences in the animal phyla and classes covered in class. 

• Recognize example organisms from the animal phyla and classes covered in class.

• Interpret a cladogram

• Construct a cladogram

Evolution

Early Earth 

• Describe the endosymbiotic theory and evidence that supports the theory 

• Describe the evidence supports the formation of life on earth.  

• Describe the conditions present on early earth. 

• Describe the type of organisms that may have been present on early earth

• Explain how early earth’s conditions were inhospitable to today’s life, and how these conditions changed over time. 

Evolution through Selection (Agents of Evolution)

• Describe Darwin’s theory of Natural selection utilizing statements like “struggle for existence” “natural variation” “survival of the fittest.

• Compare and contrast Darwin and Lamarck’s ideas.

• Identify the different types of selection, direction, stabilizing and disruptive.

• Describe sexual selection, use examples

• Discuss how natural selection and sexual selection cannot operate independently.

• Compare the reproductive strategies of males and females.

• Provide evidence that supports the theory of sexual selection.  

• Describe what circumstances could cause each of the types of selection

Evidence of Evolution

• Describe the different types of evidence that support the theory of Evolution and be able to provide examples of each.  

• Determine  if a trait is an analogy or a homology.

• Summarize and explain the evidence that supports whales have a common ancestor that walked on land.  

• Explain the importance of transitional fossils, provide an example of a transition fossil. (we have talked about two)

• Explain how allele frequencies change in a population due to natural selection

• Define the Hardy-Weinberg principle and list the characteristics that must be present in a population in order to maintain genetic equilibrium.  

Speciation

• Describe the different patterns of Evolution

• Provide examples of each pattern of Evolution

• Compare gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

• Describe speciation.

• Describe the events that must occur in order for new species to form

• Describe how are species separated?

• Describe five ways species remain separated.

• Compare and contrast allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation.

• Compare and Contrast the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

• Describe the two hypotheses supporting the advantage of sexual reproduction.