HISTORY 150 THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS

Time Period: Second half of the eighteenth century.
Definition: The Enlightenment referred to an intellectual and cultural movement that emphasized the use of reason to study politics and society.
Key Concepts:
- Reason: Central to Enlightenment thought; advocates believed it could lead to improved understanding and governance.
- Natural Law: Enlightenment thinkers believed in discovering underlying laws governing politics and society.
- Progress: Enlightenment ideals revolved around the potential for human advancement and happiness through reason and the application of natural laws.
Historical Influence: The movement drew inspiration from the Scientific Revolution, particularly the works of Sir Isaac Newton.
- Example: Newton's laws, such as the law of gravitation, were seen as models for understanding societal laws.

Geographical Hub: Paris was the central location for Enlightenment thinking, but it was not limited to France:
- International Reach: Thinkers and writers were also active in Russia, Scotland, British North America, and other parts of Europe.
Philosophes: A term used to describe Enlightenment thinkers, translating to “philosophers” in French.
- Critical Viewpoint: Philosophes critically analyzed contemporary ideas and institutions, advocating for change if these hindered progress or happiness.

Voltaire:
- Critique: Criticized organized religion, particularly the Catholic Church.
- Beliefs: Argued that organized religion fostered fanaticism, superstition, and intolerance.
- Solution: Advocated for religious toleration and freedom of worship.
Montesquieu:
- Concern: Identified