Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, French Revolution

Ptolemy Greece

Astronomy

300s b.c.

Geocentric theory

Copernicus Poland

Astronomy/ Cleric

Early 1500s

Heliocentric Theory wrote Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies and published it when he knew he was gonna die.

Brahe Denmark

Astronomy

Late 1500s

Accurate data based on the movement of the planets

Kepler Denmark

Mathematician

Early 1600s

Planets orbit elliptically, proved Copernicus’ ideas

Galileo Italy

Astronomy

Early 1600s

Helps develop telescopes, Stary Messenger, the moon is not smooth like Aristotle thought, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems

Bacon England

Philosopher

1600s

Empiricism(conclusions on experiments and not assumption), father of the scientific method

Descartes France

Philosopher

1600s

Analytical geometry, father of scientific method

Newton England

Physics and astronomy

1600s

The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, the idea of gravity and how masses interact, laws of gravity

Harvey England

Biology

1628

Revealed how the human heart functions → the heart is essentially a muscle/pump

Janssen Netherlands

Biology

1590

Invented the first microscope

Leeuwenhoek Netherlands

Biology

1670s

Examined bacteria in tooth scrapings and blood cells under a microscope

Torricelli Italy

Chemistry

1643

The first mercury barometer (measures atmospheric pressure)

Fahrenheit Germany

Physics

1714

The first mercury-glass thermometer

Celsius Sweden

Astronomer

1742

A mercury glass thermometer that has a new scale

Galen Greece

Biology

Middle ages

Studied the anatomy of humans by dissecting pigs or other animals, created anatomical models of humans from pigs

Vesalius Flanders

Biology

1543

Proved Galen’s assumptions by dissecting corpses of humans, On the Structure of the Human Body

Jenner Britain

Physician

late 1700s

Vaccine to prevent smallpox

Boyle England

Chemistry

1661

The Skeptical Chemist, law explaining how volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other

Scientific Method-A method used by scientists that includes a hypothesis, experiment, and conclusion that are all non-biased. Popularized by Bacon and Descartes.

5 Core Ideas

Reason: truth could be discovered through logical thinking, applied in all aspects of life.

Nature: Natural things are good, belief in natural laws of science and economics and politics

Happiness: Those who follow nature’s laws will be happy

Progress: Belief in a progressive society

Liberty: many envied the progress of England: through reason, society could be set free.

Hobbes: Leviathan: affected by the beheading of Charles I and the English Civil War. Social contract: people must give over rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order. Convinced humans were naturally wicked and motivated by self-interest: The best government was an absolute monarchy.

John Locke: Treaties on Government. government's purpose was to protect three basic natural rights: Life, Liberty,and Property. Government power came from the consent of the governed. People should choose their government. Believed in a limited/constitutional monarchy. People were landholding men.

Voltaire: Candide: Admired philosopher and prolific writer but had a sharp tongue. Jailed twice by Louis XV. Admired the English government and the growing power of parliament. Mocked French laws, customs, and Christianity: fled to Switzerland. Believed in religious tolerance, freedom of thought, and speech. “I do not agree with what you are saying…but I will defend to the death your right to say it”

Baron de Montesquieu: On the Spirit of Laws: Believed Britain was the best governed. The study of this led to the separation of powers. Divide power among branches of government: checks and balances. The executive carries out laws, legislative makes laws, Judicial interprets laws. Influence U.S. Constitution.

Diderot: Encyclopedia. 29-volume set of articles and essays by various authors including himself. Supported religious tolerance. Banned after volume seven. Notable contributors Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu

Rousseau: Working Class Philosophe: Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind. Adopted laws and government to preserve property. Believed people are basically good but corrupted by society. Social Contract: Through a social contract an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will. General will represent what's best for the community. The Will of the majority should always work for the common good. General will is dominant in society. Believed all titles of nobility should be abolished, and all people are equal.

Cesare Beccaria: Italian; Believed laws existed to preserve social order not to avenge crimes. Against torture and capital punishment. Punishment should fit the crime. Right to a “speedy trial”

Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women: Pointed out the hypocrisy of the Enlightenment, arbitrary power of monarchs was wrong-arbitrary power of men over women was equally wrong. Women should have equal rights in education political and economic life

What was greatly influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment

French and American Revolutions

Montesquieu’s influence on the U.S. constitution

Separation of Powers within the government

Two intellectual movements were brought together by the enlightenment

Renaissance and Scientific Revolution

French Revolution

Causes of the French Revolution include all of the following

France’s Financial Crisis

The Skyrocketing price of bread

The Old regime class system in France

Louis XVI’s Weak Leadership

Failed reforms of the King

A political and symbolic act of revolution occurred when citizens of Paris stormed and captured

The Bastille

The different social classes in France

Clergy, Nobility, and the 3rd estate
Robespierre’s period of power

The Reign of Terror

The French respond to threats to the revolution

By becoming more radical

The Moderate governments of the French Revolution

National Assembly

Legislative Assembly