New Nations in South Asia and Southeast Asia

India and Pakistan gained independence in 1947, leading to violence over border divisions.

Estimated 10 million displaced, with about one million casualties.

Gandhi's nonviolent advocacy ended with his assassination in 1948; Hindu-Muslim tensions persist.

In the 1970s, both nations developed nuclear weapons, raising global concerns.

Kashmir conflict continues between India and Pakistan over territorial disputes.

India has a parliamentary democracy but faces challenges of ethnic and linguistic diversity and poverty.

Indira Gandhi faced religious conflicts and Sikh demands for autonomy.

Pakistan's government has struggled with instability and Islamic militancy; recent transitions to elected governments.

Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest nations, vulnerable to natural disasters.