Industrialization and its Effects
The Industrial Revolution
A fundamental change in the way goods are made for sell. It goes from goods made by hand and to machines.
before people did things by hand and slowly. Most people worked. in agriculture but in 100 years, everything changed, New weapons, highly urbanized areas, fastr days
context: lives were becoming longer because more food and stronfer immunes. More farming tech and other tech created leasuire time
Textile industry was most affected
Industrialization Begins in Britain
Why Start in Britain?
Agricultural Revolution (efficient agriculture)
In Britain, people spent less money on food and spent more on goods,
a exponential growth of population
less farming jobs and enclosure movment caused people to urbanize
Abundant Supply Capital
Entrepenurs had a lot of money from the Cottage Industry and they decided to invest a new way. Those who ran the putting out and Cottage Ind. were sucessfull in factories.
Britain also had a well-designed Bank.
Abundance of Entrepenurs.
Parliement made a favorable enviroment for economic inovation. Not absolutist
Favorable Policies
Low tariffs and free trade.
repeal of corn laws - less tarrifs
Rich in Mineral recources.
Rich in coal and iron ore (backbone of revolution)
Britain was small and easy to transport especially with new railroads and canals
Abundance of Markets:
They had colonial and trading empires ready to receive british goods.
had control over India, etc,
Incentives for Inventors
Inventors were prized and that motivated then
British Royal Soceity of the Arts
LLC (land , labor, capital)
Stable Political Structure- their glroius revolution was in 1688- after that they had no problems
religious Toleration
Surrounded by Water - allowed for good transportation
Technology
Spinning Jenny - 1765 by James Hargrace. This made manufacturing of texttiles faster. +Flying Shuttle = lots of cotton textiles
The Water frame by Arkwright made spinning powered by water and created the first factory
First Factory 1770
Steam Engine - 1776 invitned by James Waton which turned coal and steam to turn turbines. Replaces animal and water power. This also led to factories being farther from rivers and land. It was a lot faster. It also helped with transportation
Smelting iron - and with the abudnace of iron and coal, it helped build machines that are stong
Railroads - were made which allowed people nd goods to ravel.
The Great Exhibition 1851
Was like a fair or theme park
Made up of a lot of glass and steel and was called the Crystal Palace
Was massive.
The tree symbolizes human domination over nature
They had exhibitions from all around the world, but mainly glorified britain
Had 6 million people and lasted 6 months.
Spread of Revolution
it wasn’t after 1815 that industrialization moved to France. and even then it was slow
Lack of Coal and Iron
Napoleon laid the foundations but was defeated. He made the Quentin Canal which connected Paris to iron and coal fields.
France then started to make railraods to transport goods.
1830s, France adopted British Weaving tech and allowed France to join the Cotton Ind. and revivde their silk find.
was late bc of political instability but napoleon stabilized → some advances
Slow Adoption in East and South
Many places lacked deopsits of iron and coal
The persistance of old economic arrangments like nobility, landed people. They didnt want change
Many unindustialized places lacked good farming
Irish Potato Famine - led to great hunger and emigration to the U.S
Second Industrial Rev (not learned when read)
by 1914 the factory became prominent
Krupp Family - german family and have perfected the steel making process and made weapons
First industrial city Manchester - they specialized in machines that made machines and was made for pure industry.
Domminated by Germany - abundance of iron and coal too
State sponsored
Second revolution Tech
Age of Steel
new methods created like the Bessmer Process and Wiemens
Steel became ideal to build because of its durrability
Electricity, communication, refrigeration
Telegraph by Samuel Morse revolutionized communication across long distance (morse code)
Graham Bell - Telepgone
Chemical Engineering led to better materials for manufacturing
Vulcanization improved rubber durability (which was essential for machines_
Railroads they began to dominate and helped transport goods throughout the countries
This also helped people move around or have vacations or urbanize
Internal Combustion engine - run by gasoline and power machines for farming, automobiles
Automobiles - henry ford (made it very affordable) and set a factory in machester (more street roads too)
Suez Canal - made by french but conqueredby britain + new ships allowed for fast movement
Farming - new fertilizers
Scicnes - Mendeelev Pedioric table, X-rays, Radioactivity, albert aestin
Consumer Goods Demand and Advertising:
Consumer department stores emerged.
Shopping became a leisure activity, especially for middle-class women.
Advertising played a key role in sustaining demand and driving industrial production.
with more consumers and more industries, advertising was done to make some stand out
Long Depression
U.S and Western Europe suffered
Scarcity of money
Governments only issued amount of paper money that represented gold in their national coffin
Banks refused loans, leading to unemployment and a global economic crisis.
Coorporations responded by trying to make a monopoly, which they tried to buy all smaller industries and they could set prices how they wanted
Governments did protective tariffs so people could buy stuff from their own countries but some countries did free trade agreements to prevent conflict
Rapid Industrialization of Prussia
Germany was a collection of states, and prussia being the strongest
Prussia was rich in coal and built rail roads and factories
Zollverin Agreement - was to lower tarrifgs and customs to unite germany economically
it worked
National System - done by fredrich list, and it was to protect german industry from Britain with tarrifs
Russia slow to revolutionkize because how est and its autocratic government
Social Effects of Industrilization
replaced the putting-out system
Proletariat
Proletariat - working class in factories, mines
Many went from rural to cities (urbanization) because there was less need of farmers because of new tech and people needed money
Because the sudden uprise in population, bad conditions , people lived in tenements, houses built hastly and had poor ventilation and no plumbing, and people were cramed
this led to spread of diseases like tuberculosis and cholera because waste on the streets
because of their consciousness they created societies to help each other when needed
the whole family worked
Bourgeoisie
they worked in law, medicine, and management
They wanted to move to suburbs to stay away from crowded cities
they created philanthropic organizations and social organizations
they were actually wealthy not just “middle class”
started to enjoy new luxuries like fresh water and heating and hadservants
In southern and eastern places, these social classes were still close together.
Aristocracy - power declined because less land dependance
Family
For the bougusaie, the nucular family was developed. Meaning a household would only have the parents and children and that there would be gender roles. Men worked, women stayed home and this was the cult of domesticity
for the proletariat, they had everysingle person working because they were used to it like in rural areas. But was different because they worked together but now they worked separately. They also needed everyone to work bc they had low wages
Reforms in working conditions in Britain
Factory Act of 1833 - Britain, and it mandated that a child under 9 could not work in a factory. But children above can work 9 hours a day. Children also had to have 2 hrs of edu
This did not work completely because people would falsefy
10 hours act 1847 - Britain limited hours that a person could work day
prior, there was no regulation and people usually worked 12-14 hrs and it hurt the workers and owners didn’t care
The parliament restricted timber of hours to 10 from 13-18 and anyone under 13 couldn’t work at al
parliament aristocrats wanted to help people but entrepreneurs just wanted money
Many children who were orphans were often exploited, faced sexual abuse etc
chalres dickns expressed the facotires as dark satanic mills
Leisure culture
parks were made and bikes
Music and theatre
spectator sports
and people were able to travel more
Marriage
people married for love not for social status or money
Influenced by increased financial stability and cultural ideals promoted by writers like Jane Austen.
Reactions
Luddites - refused to embrace modern tech because it can cause hardships for some peoples traditional jobs
they were probably guilds (or people who went through appretanceship to learn a type of skill) which was then replaced
they were mad because less skilled workers took their jobs
nepolonic wars → continental system → less workers → angry guilds
The concert of Europe. Conservatism
Napoleons Influence -
some places began to copy napeolon
russia copied the censorship and secret police
Before 1815, the French Revolution demanded liberal reforms and the people took over and radical events happened. They guillotined the monarch, got rights.
As a result, surrounding nations allied against France and feared spread of revolution
Napoleon then conquered a lot of Europe
Post-Napoleon Quadruple Alliance:
Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed the Quadruple Alliance.
Aimed to suppress liberal French influences (execution of king, abolishment of aristrocratic privaleges and abolishment of church) and restore conservative order in Europe.
Conservatism is the belief that governments are most stable when they are traditional and have traditional norms and cultural insititons
Humans are inherently bad and cannot be trusted so power should be on a monarch, aristocrats and religion
Ednmund Burke argued that authority was part of the natural order and elite leaders are needed to control.
Joseph De maistre was first a supported of revolution but horrified with the radicalism and secularism. He said that political authrouty must be rooted in religious and moral principals
Congress of Vienna and Conservative Leaders:
Leaders met at the Congress of Vienna to restore Europe the old regime that had stability
The 3 main goals of the Congress of Vienna were to balance the powers of Europe to coexist peacefully, enclose France's borders, and restore conservative order.
Wanted to make sure nationalism and liberalism had no place in Europe
What Happened to France
Tallyrand, French minister represented
they had to pay
restored the Bourbon dynasty (louis XVIII “the desired”)
somewhat consitutional monarchy, still king had most power
some rights for religion, no popular soverginty
France power was limited, taken lands, “never dominate again”
Balance Power Around
countries were put around to watch France
kinfdom of netherlands
Prussia given Saxony
Poland was put under Russia
Chalres X became monarch later and did the July Ordances
led to leader revolutions because of dissatisfaction of both the conservatives and liberals
Concert of Europe 1814 (first european union)
A period of 50 years in which Europe existed in image of conervastism and there was peace
Led by Klements Von Metternich and believed in powerful central governments
main goals:
Install legitimate rulers (or monarchs) (principleof legitimacy)
Restore aristocracy
Restore organized religion
France will not attack anymore (Louis XVIII) consitutional monarch
create balance of power (great powers ambitions were curved and limited)
to achieve things, he censored and had a sectret police
was against empercism and liked skeptisim
return organized religion
Principal of Intervention: the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones.
Reactionary - tried to return europre to old state because it was more stable rather than the chaos and violence that arose because of liberal reforms
Carlsbad Decrees and Conservative Measures:
In 1819, Austria enacted the Carlsbad Decrees to suppress liberal and nationalist movements.
Outlawed nationalist organizations, dissolved radical student groups, and removed liberal college professors.
Conservative Measures in Russia:
Russia, a conservative state, claimed divine right to rule.
Utilized secret police to quell dissent and upheld a conservative consensus.
The conservative order persisted until the Revolutions of 1848 and arguably until World War I.
Territorial Adjusments included
all lands gained by napeoolon were returned
Prussia was given parts of Poland, Germany and saxony
Austria gained territory at expense of Italy
German confederation went from 300 states to 30.
Switzerland remained
Holy Alliance - between russia, prussia, austria, to promote religion
New Revolutions
revolutions countered conservative movements because not everyone wanted conservatism
Nationalism led a big role. For example, Italy and Germany nationalisitc feelings wanted unfication'
Revolutions were a threat to conservatism
Early Revolutions
Greek War of Independence 1821 - Greece was dominated by conservative ottomans and people rebelled
greeks weren’t powerful by them selves and France and Britain helped them out and they got their independence only because they wanted to defeat the Ottomans
supported by Lord Byrson romatnic poet
ottomans “sick man of Europe” → later the balkan natioanlism → fall
The Decemberist Revolt (1825) in Russia:
Tsar Nicholas I (reactionary) rose to power in 1825
A group of liberal-minded Russian officers known as the Decemberists attempted a coup.
The revolt was crushed, leading to increased use of secret police to suppress dissent -'“iron Fist”
Belgium (sucess)- was under Dutch power because of balance of power and Blegium was Catholic Ducth were protestants and th Belgium wanted independence. They convinced major powers to let them be
Leopold of Saye-Coburg becaue king of the constitutional monarchy
July Revolution in France -1830
July Ordinances - 25 July, 1830, passed by Charles X which suspended the liberty of the press, dissolved the new chamber, reduced the electorate, and allowed him to rule by decree
Charles X took away liberal rights that Louis XVIII allowed
Middle class people responded by barricading then Charles X fled
Louis Philppe (citizen monarch) came to rule and restored only a little bit because he wasnt liberal enough
favored the bouguoise not workers
Young Italy Revolution 1830
led by Mizziny and pushed for unification because of nationalism but was crushed by Austria “Troppau Protoctal”
Hatian Revolution - led by Tousant Lvoure
Poland tried to be free but Russia crushed them.
Spain -
Restored the Monarchy after the French was defeated. - with help of Prussia, Asutra, Russia
Spanish Parliment was created by was dissolved by the monarch
Latin America - became free from Spanish rule.Simon boulivate
Many revolutions inspired by American and French
Revolutions of 1848
France -
The wealthy Bougouise dominated the government, but now workers wanted some rights
There was high censorship etc.
Louis Philippe faced demands for a more liberal government, aggravated by a bread shortage
People made barricades and Louis ultimate abdicated and this led to the second republic
Class Divisions in the Provisional Government:
Disagreements between Liberals and Socialists within the provisional government.
Socialists led by Louis Blanc pushed for government-sponsored workhouses for the unemployed.
National Assembly - voted for universal male suiffeage, new gov → dissatisfaction → workers revolt
New constitution needed strong leader (president) which became Napoleon III who became emperor of the second French empire
He promised to help the Workers
eased censorsjip
Changes
medical → modern city (lager streets, new avenues, cleaner, aqeudeucts)
guided by Haussmann
Problems:
unpopular wars in the Crimean and Italy led to people being angry.
The loss to Prussia made him fall
Third Republic late 19th - restored order, put down the Paris Commune, created a parliament, a president
Boulanger Affair -
The republic was the strongest out of all
German States -
they were inspired by French Revolution and began to advocate for liberal reforms, voting rights, and a nationalistic spirit asking for unification of Germany
allowed a temporary constitution but then he crushed it, made his own, but it favored the rich
Frankfurt Assembly - was an assembly with delegates from different states and drafted a constitution to unify but Fredrick William IV of Prussia didn’t accept it and this crushed it
Later
Zollverein removed tarrifs beteween german states
Burschenschaften - sectret student societies who wanted to spread nationalism
Revolution in Austria:
Austria faced nationalist uprisings due to various ethnic groups desiring self-rule like Hungarian.
With Russia's help, Austria crushed the revolts, suppressing the nationalist movements.
Changes in Russia:
Russia was weak due to the loss in the Crimean war
Alexander II enacted liberal reforms, including the emancipation of serfs and modernization of the military, equality before the law.
reforms to make Russia strong\
set up zemstvos which allowed local assemblies to deal with local issues like education
killed because the Peoples Will group wanted to see parliament but none was made
Alexander III, his successor, rolled back liberal reforms to respond to the radicalism, focusing on industrializing Russia.
Sergei Witte was finance minister of Alexander and put in protective tarrifs
Many were still poor
Revolution of 1905 in Russia:
Loss agsinst japan
During tsar Nicolas II
The demand for a more liberal government in 1905 led to the appointment of Sergei Witte to draft reforms.
The October Manifesto included universal suffrage for men, freedom of speech, citizenship, and a representative body called the Duma.
Despite reforms, the Tsar retained the right to veto laws and eventually rolled back some changes.
Italy tries again but failed - Austria was too powerful over them
British Reform (not revolution)
Liberal Gladstone vs Conservative Disraeli Tories
Victorian Age
Context: The House of Commons was elected but was very limited to those who could elect and those to hold office. You needed to have a certain amount of property
With the industrial revolution, people shifted from rural to urban. “rottenBurrows (representatives of each district) ” Meant that places that people went away from still had the same amount. of representatives while the new areas have not.
The rotten burrows were controlled by tories and favored their own gain. Passed things like Corn Laws 1815 which placed high tarrifs on corn. This helped land owners “enclosure movement”
Industrial middle-class “factory owners” didn’t own much land but did have a lot of money and factories, yet couldnt vote. They were represented by the whigs who wanted to tear the rotton buroughs down.
1/12 men could vote
The Great Reform Bill 1832 franchised new cities and urban places (new bouroughs and rotten ones were lowered) and increased suffrage and benefited upper classes (industrial middle class) and they joined politics
1/6 men now voted. But no suffrage for working class yet.
Second Reform bill - extended vote to head of households of rural and urban areas - Gladstone
New Reform Legislation and Chartism
Chartism movment - working class wanted suffrage for all men “democracy” and vote for house of commons
repeal corn laws
Ideologies “Age of Isms”
distribution was due to massive shift in power and society due to Industrial Revolution and changes because of French Rev and conservativism Metternich
ricardo belived raising wages was useless because of a cycle
Thomas Malthus (food shortages) - because the poor will have many children
Liberalism
arose from the enlightenment
Emphasized natural rights and popular sovereignty (power to govern was in the hands of the people)
Limited Government
Laissez - faire policy- Adam Smith
Englithned Self - Intrest
Jermy Bentham -utilitarianism - argues that actions should be judged whether they increase the happiness of those affected by the action
not like before, which was based on scripture, but now if an action makes more people happy it is right
John Sturat Mill - argued for women rights and sufrage - justified greater role of government to help keep some type of liberalism utiliteranism (2.0)
Flora Tristen - also fought
Many believed that right to vote was for land owning people
Chartism wanted to expand male sufrage to everyone (right to vote)
chartist movement 1838. In favor of helping working classes
Liberalism CHanges - more involcnment of the governments - reforms for police, prisons, parks, water systems, public housings
Socialism
ideology that demands that the community, not private individuals should own society's means of production
This was thought of because in the revolution, some became wealthy and others stayed poor
opposed the free market and believed Everyone should get everything equally and oranized
Utopian Socialism - Hemi de Saint-Simon (France) , he thought that society should be given to the workers who produced value but this vision was too perfect and could never work
Simon never put these ideas into play but some did
they often raised fundraisers to help
Charles Fourier and Robert Owen (early). - Intentional Communities.
Members had 8-hour work days, shared property, free edu but was too expensive and hard to maintain
Scientific Socialism (Marxism/ comminism) - Karl Marx(later), he aimed to produce a realistic, achievable, non-utopian Marxism
Along with Freidrich Engels, they made the communist Manifesto - 1848
end of private property
They believed in natural laws
Marx's view of history emphasized class struggle, particularly between the bourgeoisie (owners) and proletariat (workers) and this would ultimately lead to a revolution
The proletariat, becoming conscious of exploitation, would lead a revolutionary movement to overthrow the bourgeoisie.
Scientific Socialism included equal rights for men and women.
Women like Clara Zetkin and Rosa Luxemburg played significant roles in Marxist movements.
Anarchism
Anarchism rejected all forms of governmental authority, advocating for voluntary cooperation.
Mikhail Bakunin in Russia and George Sorel in France were prominent anarchists.
Bakunin proposed self-governing workplaces and communes, while Sorel suggested transferring property to labor unions (syndicalism).
mix of socialism and liberalism
Socialist ideals of wealth redistribution (complete equality)
Capitalism
prices determined by supply and demand
free market
laizzez faire (government no interphere)
adam smith “wealth of nations”
invisible hand led economy
Conservatism
looks to retore social order>freedom
Religion Awakenings
romantism led to protesntant awakenings for christianty
Social Reforms
The industrial changes did not only help but it also made some peoples lives worse
Mass based political parties
as nations extended right to vote, political parties had to appeal to more voters
In England the conservative party helped landed elite but liberal party helped the working class
as workers got more rights to vote, liberalism because prominent and people got more rights and education and benefits
Germany Social Democratic Party - used Marxist Principles to help lives of the workers
some belvied revolution was inevitable and others believed that some changes can prevent it
Was once 2 labor unions, the General German Workers Association and Social Democratic Workers Party
Labor unions - workers joined together to promote reforms
In 1870 England they gained the right to strike and this is how they got reforms for wages and conditions
Women Rights
Women pressed for legal, economic, political rights, and improved working conditions.
Barbara Smith Bodichon in England gathered women in the "Ladies of Langdon Place" to extend voting rights and recognize women's property rights.
Flora Tristan's work in France influenced the emergence of the Women's Social and Political Union in Britain in the early 20th century.
The Pankhurst family, leading the Women's Social and Political Union, organized rallies for women's suffrage, influencing the addition of the issue to the Liberal Party's platform.
In 1918, the British Parliament passed a law allowing men over 21 and women over 30 to vote.
Relious Reforms
Sunday School movement - aimed to provide education to working class
Abolitionist movement - in England banned slavery by 1838
Governmental Reform
life expentancy was low then increased by mid century
Governments started to interphere
Shift from Laissez-Faire to Government Intervention:
In the early 19th century, London faced significant issues like lack of indoor plumbing, leading to unsanitary conditions.
Many wanted the government to stay out and it became apparent that laissez-faire (leave alone) policies were inadequate for addressing societal problems like overcrowding, crime,
Public Health
Edwin Chadwick in England - thought that poor stayed poor because of diseases which were prevalent because of unsanitary conditions
Public Health Legislation - English liberal party parliment built sewers, clean water sources
cholera was affectinge everyone
Urban Planning
Napoleon III appointed Georges Haussmann to overhaul Paris due to extreme overcrowding and disease.
Haussmann transformed Paris by demolishing old structures, widening boulevards, and creating public parks on both rich and poor sides.
Sewers and aqueducts were installed to mitigate disease, making the new Paris a model for urban planning across Europe.
more parks
Police Forces
officers hired by local people was not efficient with more people moving to urban areas
Governments started to train officers
Prison Systems
Prisoners were now separated by gender
Prison was more effective then capital punishment
Prison was now trying to change the person
These changes were led by government
Education Reform
Europen countries passed Complusory Education Laws which let children 6-12 to have education
These laws were made to keep order, to encourage nationalism, and economic growth (to make children ready for technical jobs)
Kindergartens, introduced by German reformer Friedrich Froebel, focused on play-based education for young children.