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WORLD WAR 2 INTRODUCTION June 28, 1919 – marked the culmination of World War I, as the Treaty of Versailles was signed. However, instead of fostering lasting peace, this treaty inadvertently ignited the flames of another devastating conflict. Treaty of Versailles – Regrettably, the Treaty proved to be an ineffective instrument in maintaining global peace -becoming a source of tension that ultimately precipitated the outbreak of World War Tensions caused by the Treaty Of Versailles ❖ Many expressed dissatisfaction with the provisions. ❖ Germany was deeply angered by the imposed punishment. ❖ Japan & Italy were unsuccessful in their attempts to expand their respective territories. ❖ The countries in Asia and Africa, which had anticipated their newfound independence, were instead placed under the mandate system. ❖ The REFUSAL OF THE US to participate became a great loss for the league of nations. GREAT DEPRESSION (A summary of events 1929-1941) ➔ Many countries in poverty depended on the United States for economic support. ➔ In 1929, the US economy experienced a significant downturn, which had a ripple effect on the economies of several European countries ➔ As a result, numerous individuals lost their employment and homes. ➔ The closure of banks and the bankruptcy of businesses added to the economic turmoil. Tragically, the dire circumstances led to widespread hunger and an alarming increase in suiciderates. • On top of this, the United States, Great Britain, and France managed to recover from the crisis during the 1930s, while other nations struggled to do so. POLITICAL SPECTRUM 1. TOTALITARIANISM -is a type of government commonly associated with fascist regimes. -A form of government in which the state's power is unlimited and controls virtually all aspects of public and private life. /political and financial matters as well as the attitudes, morals, and beliefs of the people.) -"Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state." 2. FASCISM -a government characterized by the imposition of dictatorial power, government control of industry and commerce, and the forcible suppression of opposition, often at the hands of the military or a secret police force. -an extreme devotion to one's nation over all others along with a widely held belief among the people that the nation must and will be somehow saved or "reborn." DICTATORS OF AXIS POWER Adolf Hitler of Germany Benito Mussolini of Italy Primes minister Hideki Tojo of Japan NAZI SWASTIKA HITLER AND THE HOLOCAUST ➔ In Germany, Hitler, a veteran of World War 1, headed the Nazi Party ➔ Aimed to relive the glory of Germany by expanding its territory ➔ Under Hitler, the most horrible event in World War ll and in the history of the world - the Holocaust happened HOLOCAUST ● The systematic persecution and murder of six million lews by the Nazi regime. ● Additionally, individuals belonging to groups such as "Gypsies," people with disabilities, certain Slavic peoples (including Poles, Russians, and others); Soviet prisoners of war, and Black people were subjected to persecution and violence. ● Furthermore, Communists, Socialists, and homosexuals also faced persecution during this time. MILITARISM IN JAPAN - Emperor of Japan HIROHITO ● The effects of the Great Depression were felt in Asia ● In Japan, a significant number of individuals lost their jobs and were forced to live in poverty. ● In order to address the crisis, military leaders suggested the occupation of territories in Asia. ● The objective was to establish an empire under the leadership of Hirohito. THE SPARK THAT LED TO WAR - In 1931, Japanese forces initiated an invasion of Manchuria. - this act was carried out in defiance of the protest by the League of Nations, ultimately resulting in Japan's withdrawal from the organization. - Notably, this marked the first instance in which a country openly challenged the authority of the League of Nations. - Subsequently, a series of further violations ensued. TIMELINE September 1931 - Japan invades Manchuria October 1935 - Italy occupied ethiopia ● In March 1936, Germany invaded the Rhineland, between France and Germany. ● In July 1937, Japan conquered Beijing, as well as other northern cities, and Nanjing in China. ● In September 1938, Germany took control of the Sudetenland. ● In March 1939, Germany occupied Czechoslovakia. TIMELINE ● Great Britain and France implemented the policy of appeasement or the maintenance of peace amidst Germany's violations of the Treaty of Versailles. ● Munich Conference - attended by Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy on Sept. 29, 1938 ● Concede Sudetenland to Germany (condition: not conquer other territories) TIMELINE ● August 23, 1939 - USSR and Germany had secretly signed a nonaggression pact ● Stalin of USSR was not pleased with its exclusion in the Munich Conference ● USSR was also promised territories by Germany AXIS GENERALS Field Marshal Erich von Manstein General Heinz Guderian Field Marshal THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR 2 Germany broke the Treaty of Munich September 1, 1939 - Germany attacked Poland using the blitzkrieg or lightning war strategy September 3, 1939 - Great Britain and France reacted against the action of Germany and declared war This marked the start of World War 2 TECHNOLOGY USED TANKS T-34 (soviet union) TIGER 2 OR KING TIGER (nazi) M4 SHERMAN FIREFLY (usa & uk) CHAR B1 TANK (france) THE START OF WORLD WAR 2 (TIMELINE) April 1940 - Germany launches blitzkrieg against Denmark and Norway Denmark loses after 4 hours May 1940 - Germany controls Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium June 1940 - Italy allies with Germany. Italy declares war on France and Great Britain France surrenders to Germany Germany launches Operation Sea Lion against Great Britain 1941 - Due to Germany's threats, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary join the Axis Powers May 10, 1941 - Due to strong British forces, Hitler abandons his plan to occupy Great Britain June 22, 1941 - Hitler launches Operation Barbarossa to occupy its former ally, Russia TECHNOLOGY USED FIGHTER AIRCRAFT MITSUBISHI A6M ZERO OR “ZERO” SUPERMARINE SPITFIRE TANKS MESSERCHMITT BF 109 JUNKERS JU 87 STUKA THE WAR IN THE ASIA PACIFIC JAPAN • continued expansion under the propaganda The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere • wanted collective progress of Asian countries • Asia for Asians 1937 - Japan joined the Axis Powers Because of the US threats against Japan's ambition in the Asia Pacific, Japanese forces attacked the American base in Hawaii Dec. 7, 1941 - Japan attacked Pearl Harbor Dec. 8, 1941 - US declared war on Japan ALLIED LEADERS PRIME MINSTER WINSTON CHURCHILL OF GREAT BRITAIN PRESIDENT FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT OF THE US SOVIET PREMIER JOSEPH STALIN OF THE USSR THE END OF VIOLENCE Dec. 22, 1941 - Winston Churchill of Great Britain, Franklin D. Roosevelt of US and Joseph Stalin of USSR met to craft a strategy against Germany ➔ June 1941 - South Africa: the Allied Forces defeated the German ally, Afrika Korps ➔ Russia: German Forces failed to attack Moscow due to winter. The German's weapons froze and 500,000 German soldiers died February 1943 - Germans surrendered in Stalingrad September 1943 - Italy surrendered to the Allied forces but it continues to fight until the surrender of Germany in 1945 TRIUMPHS OF THE ALLIED FORCES IN EUROPE June 1944 - on D-Day, the joint forces of the British, American, French and Canadian armies defeated Germany in Normandy. They free France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the greater part of Netherlands. December 1944 - Germany loses against the Allies in the Battle of the Bulge April 1945 - Hitler and his wife Eva Braun committed suicide May 7, 1945 - Allied Forces accepted the unconditional surrender of the German Army May 8, 1945 - Germany officially signed its surrender papers and ended the World War 2 THE VICTORIES OF THE ALLIED POWERS IN THE ASIA PACIFIC -April 1942 - The Allied forces surrendered to the Japanese army in the Philippines • The Bataan Death March takes place • June 1942 - The Alliad forces defeated Japan in the Battle of Midway - February 1943 - The Allied Forces defeated Japan in the Battle of Guadalcanal ALLIED GENERALS GENERAL GEORGE PATTON (USA) GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR (USA) FIELD MARSHAL BERNARD MONTGOMERY (UK) FIELD MARSHAL GEORGY ZHUKOV (USSR) GENERAL CHARLES DE GAULLE (FRANCE) THE VICTORIES OF THE ALLIED POWERS IN THE ASIA PACIFIC ● October 1944 - The Allied forces defeated Japan in the Battle of Leyte Gulf ● The US reclaims the Philippines from Japan August 1945 - On the orders of US Pres. Harry Truman, US forces drop bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagsaki in Japan • September 2, 1945 - Japan surrendered • The ceremony headed by Gen.Douglas MacArthur, happened on the ship of Missouri. This was the end of World War 11 in Asia and the Pacific THE EFFECTS OF THE WAR - Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) - attended by Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt - Potsdam Conference (July 1945) - attended by Stalin, Churchill and Harry Truman succeeded Roosevelt after the death UNDER THE 2 CONFERENCES, THEY DECIDED ON: The demilitarization of Germany • The division of Germany into West Germany under US and East Germany under USSR • The payment of war reparations by Germany • The concessions of territories of Japan, including Sakhalin Island, Kurile Islands, anc Port Arthur to the USSR AFTERMATH/CHANGES AFTER WORLD WAR 2 ● Damage of life and Property 40 million Europeans died ● London, Warsaw, Berlin, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and Mani were destroyed Search for Justice - Human rights violators of Holocaust tried in Nuremberg Trials in Germany • 12 Nazis officials were sentenced to death • Germany to pay 20 million dollars as compensation for the war. Italy also paid the victims • In Japan - 7 officials including Prime Minister Hideki Tojo, were sentenced to death • Establishment of the United Nations - a result of Yalta Conference • Founded on October 24, 1945 • International organization which aims to protect its members from any aggression to maintain peace It had 50 founding members