skeletal system 2

What is the appendicular skeleton?

the bones of the limbs.

Name and describe the 2 parts of the appendicular skeleton.

pectoral limb – front limb, pelvic limb – rear limb.

2. List the bones of the pectoral limb.

scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpals,

phalanges.

3. How is the pectoral limb attached to the axial skeleton in people and

birds?

by the clavicle – from shoulder joint to sternum.

How is the pectoral limb attached to the axial skeleton in horses,

dog, and cattle?

by muscles and connective tissue – no bony attachment.

How is the pectoral limb attached to the axial skeleton in cats?

by muscles and connective tissue – the cat has clavicles, but they

are small and do not attach bone to bone.

4. What is the informal name for the scapula?

shoulder blade

Do the scapulas form a joint with the ribs?

Is the spine of the scapula on the medial or lateral side of the

scapula?

lateral side

Name the shallow cup-shaped depression in the distal end of the

scapula.

glenoid cavity

5. Give both the technical and informal names of the clavicle in the

bird.

furcula (technical), wishbone (informal).

Give the informal name of the clavicle in people.

collarbone

Do dogs, horses, and cattle have clavicles?

Why do we need to know about the clavicle of the cat, since it is

small, vestigial, and non-functional?

it shows up on radiographs, and we need to know that it is normal.

6. What bone is located in the upper arm area?

humerus

What is the name of the rounded part of the proximal end of the

humerus, that fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula?

head of the humerus.

What is the bony projection on the proximal end of the humerus, beside

the head?

greater tubercle

What are the 2 knuckle-like projections on the distal end of the

humerus, that fit into the radius and ulna?

condyles – medial and lateral.

Is the humerus the “funny bone”? (humorous – ha, ha)

no. the funny bone is the ulna.

7. What 2 bones are located in the forearm area?

radius and ulna

8. Which bone “connects” to the thumb – the radius or the ulna?

radius

Which bone is generally thickest and supports most of the weight – the

radius or the ulna?

radius

In which common species are the radius and ulna separate bones?

dogs, cats, pigs

In which common species are the radius and ulna fused together at the

distal end at maturity?

cattle, sheep, horses

Which bone is longer – the radius or the ulna?

ulna

9. What is the proximal end of the ulna called?

olecranon

What is the point of the elbow?

the tip of the olecranon that we can see and palpate in the living

animal.

10. What is the technical name for the wrist joint?

carpus

About how many carpal bones are there?

up to 8

What is the name of the carpal bone that “sticks out in back”?

accessory carpal bone

11. Name the bones located in the palm of the human hand.

metacarpals

How are metacarpal bones identified?

by number, from 1 medially to 5 laterally.

What species discussed in class have 5 metacarpals?

dogs, cat, people

What species discussed in class has 3 metacarpals?

horses

What species discussed in class has 2 main metacarpals?

cattle

12. How many metacarpal bones do horses have?

What is the common or informal name for the big main metacarpal 3?

cannon bone

What is the common name for the little metacarpals 2 and 4?

splint bones

13. How many main metacarpal bones do cattle have?

Which metacarpals do cattle have, and what is different about them?

metacarpals 3 and 4. they are fused together, have a median groove.

14. What is a digit?

a finger or a toe

How are digits identified?

numbered 1-5 from medial to lateral, like the metacarpals.

How many digits do dogs and cats normally have on their front paws?

How many digits do dogs and cats normally have on their rear paws?

front paw – 5, rear paw – 4

How many digits does a horse have per foot?

How many digits does a cow walk on per foot?

How many digits do cattle have per foot in all?

cow walks on 2 digits per foot.

cow has 4 digits per foot in all – 2 walking claws, 2 dewclaws.

15. What is a phalanx? What are phalanges?

a phalanx is a toe or finger bone. phalanges is the plural form.

Most digits have 3 phalanges. List their names and letter-number

combinations.

proximal phalanx – P1

middle or intermediate phalanx – P2

distal phalanx – P3

Which digits on dogs, cats, and people have 2 in stead of 3 phalanges?

Which 2 phalanges?

dogs and cats – dewclaws. people - thumbs. P1 and P3.

16. Which digit does the horse have?

digit 3

List all 3 names of the phalanges of the equine digit – letter-number

combination, common name, and technical name.

P1 – long pastern bone – proximal phalanx

P2 – short pastern bone – intermediate or middle phalanx

P3 – coffin bone – distal phalanx

17. The horse has 3 sesamoid bones per foot. List them and give their

name(s) and locations.

2 proximal sesamoids – posterior fetlock joint.

1 distal sesamoid, or navicular bone – posterior coffin joint.

18. Which digits are weight-bearing in cattle?

3 and 4

Each cow digit is similar to a horse’s toe as far as the bones are

concerned – true or false?

true

19. List the bones of the pelvic limb.

pelvis, femur, patella, fabellae, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones,

metatarsals, phalanges.

20. What is half of the pelvis (left or right) called?

os coxae

The two halves of the pelvis are fused together at what point?

pelvis symphysis

Is the pelvic symphysis at the dorsal or ventral part of the pelvis?

ventral

21. List the 4 bones that make up the pelvis.

ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabular bone. left and right of each.

Which of these is the largest and most cranial?

ilium (more than 1 – ilia)

Which pelvic bone is second largest and most caudal?

ischium

Which is third largest and is ventral?

pubis, pubic bone.

Which is smallest? Where is it located?

acetabular bone – in the acetabulum.

22. What are the 2 main parts of the ilium?

body and wings

23. Which pelvic bones articulate with which vertebrae to form the bony

connection between the pelvic limb and the axial skeleton?

What is the name of this joint?

ilium connects to sacrum – sacrum contacts medial sides of right and

left wings of the ilia. called sacroiliac joint – left and right.

24. What is the point of the hip?

the tuber coxae on the lateral wing of the ilium, which can be

palpated in the living animal.

25. What is the name of the cup-shaped depression in the os coxae where

the head of the femur articulates to form the hip joint?

acetabulum

What is the name of the big hole in the os coxae?

obturator foramen

Which is the largest foramen in the body – the foramen magnum or the

obturator foramen?

obturator foramen

Where is the foramen magnum located?

occipital bone of skull – spinal cord comes through.

26. What is another name for the pelvic canal?

birth canal

27. What is the thigh bone?

femur

What is the largest bone in the body?

femur

28. What is the name of the rounded proximal part of the femur?

head of the femur

Where is the greater trochanter of the femur located?

proximal end, lateral to the head.

What is the name of the depression between the head and the greater

trochanter?

trochanteric fossa

What is the name of the places on the distal femur that articulate

with the tibia?

condyles

What is the name of the place on the distal femur that articulates

with the patella?

trochlea

29. What is the technical name for the kneecap?

patella

Where is the patella located?

stifle joint – rear leg.

30. What are the fabellae, and where are they located?

2 small sesamoid bones at the posterior distal femur.

Who has fabellae – dogs, cats, horses, or cows?

dogs and cats

Why do we have to know about the fabellae?

when they show up on radiographs, we know that they are normal.

31. List the sesamoid bones discussed in this class.

patella, fabella, proximal sesamoids of the foot of the horse,

navicular bone or distal sesamoids of the foot of the horse.

Which is the largest sesamoid in the body?

patella

32. What is the technical name for the shinbone?

tibia

What is the name of the place on the tibia where the patellar ligament

attaches? Where is this located?

tibial tuberosity – proximal anterior tibia.

33. What is the name of the smaller thinner bone beside the tibia?

fibula

The distal tibia and fibula are fused in maturity in what species?

horses and cattle

34. What is another name for the tarsus in animals?

hock

What is another name for the tarsus in people?

ankle

About how many bones are in the tarsus?

Which tarsal bone is spool shaped and articulates with the tibia?

talus

Which tarsal bone sticks out on the lateral side to form the point of

the hock?

calcaneus

What is the name of the large tendon that inserts on the calcaneus?

Achilles tendon, or calcanean tendon.

35. The bones just distal to the tarsus are called what?

metatarsals

What other bones in the body are the metatarsals similar to?

metacarpals

Where are the metacarpal bones located?

just distal to the carpus in the front limb.

36. What is the visceral skeleton?

bones that develop in soft tissue.

Name 3 kinds of visceral bones.

os penis, os cordis, os rostrale

What common pet species have an os penis?

dog, ferret – males only

What species has an os cordis? Where is it located?

cattle – at base of aorta in heart.

What species has an os rostrale? Where is it located?

pig - snout