Unit 7-1815-1914
Unit 7.2
Nation State
A new way to organize the continent politically
Borders on a map did not become a thing until this time period
Nationalism was the cause of the development of borders on a map
Elements of a nation state
Nation: people sharing the same language and culture
State: the land on which they live surrounded by borders on map and the government ruling over them
Result of a rising sense of nationalism
Cause more Europeans to demand their own state where they live with their own people
Causes of Growing Nationalism
Romantic Idealism: Romantic artists and writers glorified their people’s past which created an emotional fervor in the people to reclaim that path
Grimm Brother collected and published German fairy tales and when Germans read them, it made them feel more German
Victor Hugo in France: Novel Les Misérables was the story of the Triumph of the French people against tyrants
All these artists banded their people together as people
Liberal Reform: Francis Napolean III nephew of Bonaparte
Opened the way for international trade through cooperation with foreign markets which boosted the French economy
Instituted universal male suffrage which made him exceedingly popular
With his new Paris as well as previous factors, French nationalism grew significantly
Political unification
Italian states: Giuseppe Mazzini: pushed to unite the various Italian entities into a single nation state
Young Italy: an Italian unification movement and staged uprisings around Italy
Mazzini was not successful in his unification efforts but his work to set the stage for Italian unification later on
Racialism
One race is superior to another aka my people are better than yours
Positive Side: represented by the Pan Slavic movement in Eastern and Central Europe
Significant groups of Slavic people who were under the Imperial First of the Austro-Hungarian and ottoman Empires
Due to having an identification with their own people, they pushed for a state of their own and since Russia was a Slavic Nation, they supported this movement
Support would eventually lead to war with the ottomans
Dark Side: Came in the form of Anti-Semitism
Rise of Anti-Semitism
Racialist believes against the Jewish people
European Jews had a long history of marginalization in and around Europe
By this period, antisemitism was still present, yet many states passed laws recognizing Jewish equality and ending much of harassment that they endured
Nationalism and Anit Semitism rose along with each other
Key event sparking this
Dreyfus Affair in France: Alfred Dreyfus who was also Jewish in 1894, he was accused of treason because he allegedly leaked secret information to Germany
Tried and declared guilty
Affair divided French Society because some argued that because he was Jewish and other said that because he was Jewish viewed him with suspicion and thought the charges were believable
Pardoned but not before the news spread through europe and resurrected the anti Semitism that had previously diminished
Effects of the Dreyfus Affair
Eastern Europe: resulted in Pogroms where jews were evicted from their homes and violently attacked without reason
Zionism
In response to the rising antisemitism in Europe, Jewish nationalists established this movement
Theodore Herzel: German Jew who argued in 1895 that the Jews should have a land of their own
Aka their ancestorial home in Palestine
Would remain a dream until after WWII
Origins of Israel began with Herzel’s nationalists movement
Nationalism and Neoconservatism
Context
Thanks to Klemens Vun Metternich and his engineering of the Concert of Europe, conservatism reigns supreme across the European Continent during the 19th century
New generation of Neoconservative leaders argued to use nationalism to strengthen their hold on states
First example is Napolean III in France
Otto von Bismarck of Prussia
what is currently known as Germany today was split into a massive collection of smaller states, the most powerful being Prussia
it was Bismark who was able to harvest German nationalism as Prussia’s foreign minister and then prime minister to take steps towards German unification
intentionally provoked wars to rile the German people up with an overwhelming sense of nationalism so that German unification would become a reality
Nationalism: a key in creating dual monarchy of Austria- Hungary after the Revolution of 1848
Austrians attempted to suppress the rising Hungarian nationalism yet were unsuccessful
The compromise is that they would create a dual monarchy with Austrian and Hungarian Monarch
This was their solution to stabilize the state by reconfiguring their concept of national Union
Many of the results in this rise of nationalism will occur later on and when it does, we will begin to see that imaginary lines are drawn on maps become a real and abiding reality
7.3 Notes
The Crimean War
Began in 1853
Prior to this war, Europe enjoyed about 50 years of Peace during the Concert of Europe
Crimean war will bring this peace to an end
Causes of the War
Started over religious tension in the Ottoman Empire which at this point had begun to decline as a major power in Europe
Ottoman Sultan, under the pressure from Napolean III in France granted special privileges to Roman Catholics living in Jerusalem
Russia wanted those same privileges extended to Orthodox Christians yet due to some bullying in France, they weren’t
Political motivations were involved
Both France and Russia, tough they were combatants in this war, had a similar desire to weaken the ottoman empire which was already growing weak because of various nationalist movements
Russia wanted access to the Crimean Peninsula which was a prime warm water port for shipping and receiving
During the War
Russia did not want to fight alone so they called their Ally: Austria who declared neutrality and refused to help
Ottomans: Supported by Britain and France
Russia loses the war and becomes humiliated on the World Stage
Effects
By breaking up and rearranging the relationships of power among various European states, the Crimean war effectively broke the Concert of Europe which had kept the peace and balance of power since its inception
Britain and Russia withdrew from continental affairs after the war which created the conditions in which leaders in Germany can seek the unification of their states
Italian Unification
Although there were many previous movements advocating for the unification of Italian states, none of them were successful
They needed a strong ruler from a strong state to push unification through and they got one
Count Cavor: became prime minister of the Piedmont region of Italy 1852
It was the piedmont region that the nationalists of the Italian Peninsula looked to lead the way for unification for its various regions
Cavor was a shrewd political whose infrastructure programs in Piedmont generated the kind of wealth that allowed him to assemble a massive Army which helped him significantly
Yet he still faced obstacle to this unification aka Austria and France
Austria and France
Controlled regions within Italy
therefore any plans to unite Italy would have to wrestle those regions away from them
Cavor promised Napoleon III that if he helped him drive the Austrians out of Northern Italy, then France could keep the Italian peninsula along with a couple other territories which did not work out
Napolean failed to completely fulfill his promises which upset cavor yet during his rage something happened
Northern Italian regions had been take over by nationalists and they agreed to join Piedmont
Southern Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Similar events were occurring in southern Italy as the north under his military leadership
Masterful leader who led his men (the Red shirts) to unify the southern region
After uniting southern Italy, he gave over sovereignty to the ruler of Northern Italy aka Victor Emmanuel II
All of the southern Italy was unified with the exception of rome which was still occupied by Fance
Franco Prussian War
1870, Napolean III withdrew his troops from Central Italy to go fight somewhere else
Victor emmanuel took that opportunity and claimed central region
Marked the completion of Italian unification
Germany
Movement of German unification
During the Revolution of 1848, one of the desires of the revolutionaries was a unified Germany but their revolution was stopped
what they needed was a strong ruler from a strong state to lead the unification and they got it
Rise of Otto Von Bismarck
a master of RealPolitik: a way of political maneuvering that sough practical results
Instead of questioning morality, they approached the situation with a what do I need to do to achieve what I want
A very Machiavellian way of looking at things
Chancellor of Prussia which was the most powerful German State
Introduced reforms aiming at increasing Prussia’s wealth and increasing the Prussian Army
Used three key wars to Unify Germany
Prussian Danish War of 1864
Two german provinces controlled by Denmark
People in those provinces were German and spoke German
Bismark aimed to take back those territories and make them properly german
Bismark got Austria to agree to help in the cause and were almost immediately successful
Result: One province went to Prussia and the other went to Austria
Bismark had no intention in Austrian rule over Germany but used this as a practical measure that led him to the next stage
Austro-Prussian War 1866
Prior to this war, Bismarck negotiated non-interferance treaties with major European powers like Russia and Britain because he did not want them joining the cause and messing with his plan
Bismark then provoked fighting between the two provinces bringing Prussia and Austria to war
Thought that if a regional struggle broke out then the German states would be forced to choose sides between Prussia and Austria which is what happened
German states supported Prussia but unification was not complete because southern German provinces were still controlled by France
Franco- Prussian War in 1870
Bismark believed that thebest way to unify the southern german states to thenorth wasto fight a common enemy aka France
Yet at that point there was no reason to go to war, yet he did anyway
Jutified actions by falsifying a document where a Prussian Diplomat insulted Napolean III and then accidently leaked it to France
Napolean was offended and declared war
All the German provinces rallied to Prussia’s defense and defeated France handling
As a result Kaiser Willhelm the first was crowned King of Germany and the unification was complete
Diplomatic Tensions
1871: Bismark was appointed as the chancellor of the United German States and his main goal was to strengthen German
Most significant thing he did was create alliances with other states which he did because he knew that france was still bitter over their loss
Three Emperors League
Alliance that included Germany, Austria, Hungray, and Russia
The idea behind this partnership is that the three states would control Easter Europe, especially the Balkans: who were becoming increasingly unstable
this alliance collapsed in 1887
The Reinsurance Treaty
Russia and German Alliance
Promised each other they would remain neutral if either got inolved in a war unless that war was Germany and France or Russia versus Austria
After relations detrioted with Russia, Bismark established the Triple Alliance
Triple Alliance
included Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
Thisalliance will go into WWI
Purpose of those three aliance
To increasingly isolate France aka Germany’s number 1 enemy which worked
By the time Bismarck was dismissed as chancellor in 1890, Europe became a collection of mutually antagonist alliances which is going to make negotiations and flexibility between these two sides imposssible
Balkans
Experienced growing unrest which was largely driven by a growing nationalist sentiment
Bismarck saw this and organized the Congress of Berlin
Congress of Berlin 1878
At the congresswere the Major powers of Europe
Their decisions did not consider the nationalist desire for self rule and the Balkans only considered the balance of Power between the Great powers
Congress increased the tensions in the balkans
Balkns was multi Ethnic and as nationalist movement spread across Europe, these folks wanted to unite under their own states and be free of Austria or Russia or Ottoman rule
Fist and Second Balkan Wars
The three german alliances lit up and had thegreat powers of Europe fighting on different sides of the Balkan wars
Battles cemented the dividion that eventually led to WWI
7.4 Notes
19th Century: Science and the scientific method became more normalized to the general population
paved the way for the workof Charles Darwin whose work marked a significant evolution in Scientific studies
Darwinism
Charles Darwin: An english man who gained a theological education at cambridge but also had an interest in geology
Volunteered for a scientific exploration sponsored by British loyal navy
Mission was to study plants and animal life in the Pacific in South America
Observed the fact that species evolved over time in response to their changing enviornment
Argued in his book on the Origin of Species that plants and animals evolved by means of natural selection
Weaker species who did not adapt would die out and stronger species that did adpt would survive
Coined survival of the fittest
In the beginning Darwin only applied this theory to plats and animals which the church was not bothered by
1871: Darwin published the Descent of Man
Applied the principle of evolution and naturalselection to the human race
Suggesting that humans had evolved from lower forms of animals to which the church despised
Darwin’s theory was utimately accepted by the wider public yet their application of his theory to social structures that wasconcerning
Social Darwinism
19th century: some people began principlesof organic evolution to the social order aka Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer: argued that just as organisms evolved over time and the weaker ones died and the stronger survived, that this would apply to humans as well
Strong societies were the ones that adapted and thrived while weak societies were destined to fade away under the priciple of natural selection
Socially only the fittest survived
By his logic, Britian had all the characteristic to surive while those places they conquered under their growing empire were weaker and therefore were not fit to survive
If survival of the fittest was nature, why would it be morally wrong for stronger nations to pray on weaker nations
Social Darwanism being adapted by nationalists had dire consequences
Houstan Stuart Chamberlin of Germany: Applied Social Darwanism to German people
Argued that the germans were pure ancestors of the Aryans who were the true genesis of Western Culture
Therefore, the aryan race should prepare itself to fight against and eliminate the influences of lesser races such Jews, Asians,and Africans
7.5 Notes
The Rise of Positivism
Context
Charles Darwin theory proved that humans evolved over time and were not a special creation from God
In addition to science overturning religious beliefs, it led to the Rise of positivism
Positivism: The idea that any rational conclusion must be able to be scientifically verified or provoke through mathematical quantification
Truth can only be known through science and math
Christianity vs Positivism
Christianity: based on divine revelation from God not scientific revelation
Truths of the world come from outside the world
Positivism: You discover what is true about the world through scientific endeavors and math equations
Truths of the world come from inside of the world
Doctrine of Christianity: Death and resurrection of Christ and by his blood God´s people are atoned for forgiveness
Article of belief, not scientific or math exploration
Evenif Scientist possessed a real drop of Christ´s blood,they would not see anyatonment or forgiveness
Therefore, the positivist movement was viewed as a threat to revealed religion
19th century: A commitment to positive thought had a significant consequence aka Relativism
Relativism
Since Positivim oblitered the idea that there was one overachingtruth that applied to everyone everywhere, that meant that all truth was relative
Aka what is true for one personmay not be truefor another personbecause the truths are evaluated from different perspectives
No truth isobjective, but rather, relative
Blind men trying to describe the Elephant
Each man felt a different part leading to different conclusions about the charaterisitcs of the elephant
Christianity would tells us that we know the different characteristics of an elephant because God tells us
Positvism and Relativism: No one can really know for sure whic part of the elephant they were holding, therefore, the truth of the elephants essence is relative for each person
There were tensions between christians and philosophical believers
Rise of Modernism
One one hand, the advances in science are creating significant strides in knowing te world truly, but on the other, the further science advanced,the more uncertain things became
Modernism: The name of the tension going on
How modernism was expressed in philosophy?
Philosphers are going to emphasize not the rational nature of the world but the irrational nature of the world aka irrationalism
Irrationalism
challanged the conclusions of the Enlightenment philosophy
Focused on syllogistic reasoning
Irrationalism broke from this and focused on the irrational impulses of human nature
Insisted that human life and decisions could not be explained by rational postulates but rather had to focus on the more ethereal human instinct called the Spirit
Fredrich Nietzche: Argued that reason actually plays a very small role in human life that mostpeople are governed intead by their passions and base instincts
Argued that we are governed by emotions, passions, and instincts
Argued that we got into the sorrty state mainly because of christianity
Main evil of modern humanity was how enslaved they were to the Christian moral ethics which stifled creativity
Claimed that God was dead and that created the possibility ofthe liveration of humanity
Henri Bergson
Argued that science is good for attaining practical knowledge of the world but then argued that science breaks down when trying to analyze and describe the essence of true reality
Reality could only be experienced intuitively, not analyzed scientifically
Such philosophies taught societal progress was achieed no tmainly by rationaland scientific postulates but through struggle and conflict
Emphasis on irrationalism was also applied to Psychology
Sigmund Freud applied these ideas to the internal world of the human personality
Argued that human behavior was governed and determined not by the rational choice of the individual but rather by the subconciousof the person which was shaped by its experience of child
Belived that human decision was largely the product of all those childhood traumas that you repressed and are struggling to make it back into your concious awareness
Developed a method for tracing these links between concious to the subconcious called Psychoanalysis
Ideas were later proven wrong but his advances laid the groundwork for psychology
Natural Science
New developments in the irrtional natureof lifewere applied to the Natural Science
Prior to this period: Newtonina pysics stated that the physical wrl was objectively knowable through rationa engagement
gravity and planet rotation can be proven and calucalted though scientific methods and math
19-20th centry: Scientist came along and stated that the world was chaotic and not predictable
Max Plank
Prior to him: came the theory of atoms in atomic structure was that they were hard bits of matter that behaved predictable
Aka reality is predictable and can be described predictably
Plank discovered that atoms radiated heat in not constant flows but in erratic packets called Quantum
Important to remember: Planks Quantum mechanics show that atoms behave irrationally, not along predetermined process
Aka the world at the atomic level is chaotic and unpredictable
Plank´s work established that the Netonian universe was no longer able to adeuetly describe reality which was an unsettling thought
7.6 Notes
New wave of imperialism
How and why did Europeans do imperialistic endavors
Second Wave imperialism: Motivations
New wave of imperilism is going to focus on Africa and Asia
Imperialism: When one country extends dominance over another country
Reasons for imperialism
Economic
Western european states were industrializing and needed Raw materials and access newer and bigger markets to maintain the factories that were icreasing their wealth
Raw Materials: Cotton, Iron,and Rubber were needed to produce a final manufactured good
Once nation has exhausted their resources, they needed to look in other place in the world to obtain them
Markets: Once the goods were finished they neededa place to sell them in
Because markets at home became sturated, they needed to take over other countries to obtain new markets
Example: british government took control over India after the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857
Began to exploit the indians to gain valuable raw materials, especially cotton
Snce India had a dense population, they now had a lot of new people to buy their products
Resulted in an increase of wealth
British colonization
During this period, the British colonized a few placesin West Africa and a huge piece of terriotry down the Eastern side of the entire continent inAfrica
Mainly interested in gaining access to raw materials like coal, oil, and copper
Turned their imperialistic sigts on china where they engaged in economic imperialism rather than political imperialism
Trade with china was out of balance
British wanted chinese tea yet there was not anything that china wanted from the British aka Britan was spending money and not gaining money back
Began smuggling Opium from India to china aka a very addictive drug
Opium Wars
Chinese became addicted to Opium and since India was a prime growing conditionfor this drug, britain imported it to china in mass amounts
Chinese officials were not happy about this
1839: thechinese government seized 20k pounds of Opium being imported into china and destroyed
Led to the first Opium War between Britain and Cina
China had not industrialized at the same rate as britain at the time
British won the First Opium War, and the Second Opium War which also included France,and forcibly opened trading rights into China
Political Imperialist motivation
Britain was the driving force of 2nd wave of imperialism
Several European nations fought over territory in Africa including the French, Dutch,belgium, and Britain
Became known a the scamble for Africa
Scramble for Africa
Caused increasing tensions amongst European States
Once the interior of Africa was mapped by agent of Belgian King Leopold, European states raced to claim terriotries before other states got to them
Imperialist motivation: Racial Superiority
Social Darwinism in the late 19th century: ideology took full route and provided the motivation for strong nations with advanced civilizations to takeover weak nations with primitive civilizations
If comparing the industrilized Western European states with states from africa who were living in poverty, thena social Darwinist would conclude that Western nations were superior
Western nations adapted better to their enviornment and therefore are not only surviving but thriving
Western nations claimed that they were not morally wrong because they were bringing the glories of Western Nations to bear on people who needed it
French Term is Mssion civilisatrice aka the civilizing mission
White man´s Burdon: A poet by Rudyard Kipling in which he critizes african culture and claims that it is a white man´s job to help make them civilized and to put them on the right culture
Second Wave of Imperialism: Methods
Africans and Asians resistedthe invasion on their homelands by the European, however, theEuropeans had an upper hand against those who resisted
European Advantages
Advanced Weaponry:
The result of the Industrial revolutio as Guns were updated to include a Rifled Barrel
Spiral grooves cut along the inside increasing the accuracy of the Shot
Mini Ball: Conical bullet that was more accurate and resulted in more damage than a traditional musket ball
Manufactured the Breeck-Loading Rifle: loaded quicker than an average rifle
Machine Guns: able to fire hundred of bullets at great speed and quantity
New communication and Transportation Technology
Communication was enhanced by the speed of the telegraph andthe ability to run cables under water andat great length
Enabled coordination in both conquering territory and maintaining power
Once a nation was conquered, they worked quickly to devolop infrastructure aka the Railroad
Through this, raw materials and manufacturedgood could betransprted in and out andaround these colonies with great speed
Advanced is medicine
The reason the Europeans hadn´t pushed into African states prior to this was because of a disease called Malaria
French scientists discovered that you can fend off disease through the usage of Quinine
Led to Europe being able to invade africa now
French Chemist Louis Pasteur: Thanks to his work, Europeans werefinally beginning to understand what caused diseases
Discovered the Germ Theory: people got sick/amputated because of tiny microorganisms called germs
Revolutionized healthcare in hospitals as it led to the development of antiseptic usage to maintain clealiness and surgical tools
7.7 Notes: Effects of European Imperialism
Diplomatic tensions
Every European nation wanted the biggest empire and the most power to themselves
Scramble for Africa: Created huge tensions between European states because everyone wanted the most land to themselves
Berlin Conferance
Otto Von Bismark called the conference
A series of meetings wherethe imperial power of Europe could divide Africa up peacefully to avoid war through discussion and negotiation
Was successful in cooling down the tensions
This had a detrimental affect on the African people
They were not invited to this conferance
Rival groups got mixed together leading to tensions within the African continent
Although the European states were satisfied, the tensions were qick to flare up again
Fashoda Crisis
Britain and France wanted to connect their African empires via railroad yet the faced a problem of Modest Sedan
Was not owned by either of them and if they wanted to connect the railroads then this was a key location
Both nations sent military forces into Sedan and were aboutto go into war, however, the french knew that they were outnumbered and otgunned by the British so they withdrew
Another reason isfor their growing influence of Germany in Africa and Europe, therefore, they needed Britain to be their ally to fend off future conflicts with Germany
Led to the signng of the Entente Cordiale 1904
established friendly relations between those two Nations
Moroccean Crisis
France was right about allying with britain to fend off conflicts with germany
In the Berlin conferance, it was decided france would control the majority of North Africa, including Morocco yet the Germans did not like this arrangement
1905 and 1911: Germans blocked native morccan rebellions against the French
Almost led to war however Germany did not want to go up against the Alliance alone so they backed off
Solved through Diplomacy: France retained control of Morocco
This crisis demonstrated the increasing bond betweenFrance and Britain and the increasin antagonism between them and Germany which will returnin time for WWI
Debates over Imperialism
While the dividionof Africa was going on, there was a growing objection among some Europeans about whether imperilaism was a good thing at all
Not a majority voice
Objecters: Artists
British Writer Joseph Conrad: traveled to the Belgian Congo which was the most brutal of all the European colonal ventures
Wtinessed first hand the degrading and violent polocies put in place there by King Leopold II of Belgium
The congo was a different kind of colony becuse Leopold kept it for himself not for Belgium
Enacted savage cruel policies against the congalesto enrich himself
Upon witnessing this injustice, conrad wrotehis noovel, Ḧeart of Darkness¨” which laid out in graphic detail the kinds of abuse the congales were experiencing under the imperial rule of Leopold
Although the novel was fictional, it showed critisism of the system of coerced labor and brutality was apparent
British Edmund Moral: formed the Congo Reform Assciation to address this violence in Congo
Gathered multiple noble writers of the age and outlined Leopold´s violent polociesin Congo
Writersfloodedthe European Conciousnesswith arguments against Leopold´s Iperial Venture, ultimately, they forced Leopold to transfer imperial rights of the Congo to Belgium itself
Concern with the economics of the practice
Economist J.A. Webson: publishedapaper arguing that imperialism was detrimental economic system in the long run due to its dependance on markets that were unstable
Imperialism was a drag on capitalism
Vlademir Lenin in Russia was not fond of capitalism was in partial agreenment with Webson
However, where Webson said that imperialism was bad for capitalism, Lenin argued that it was the fufilment of capitalism therefore,both capitalism and imperialism need to be removed
Nationalist Resistance to Imperialism
Non-Europeans who were under imperial rule went to Colonial schools and learned Western value, began challneging European imperialism in various ways
Africa
In Colonies Natal and Zululand, the british forced the native Zulus into working diamond mines which was hard and dangerous work
A nationalist wave broke out amongst the zulus and they gathered an army of 40k
British attacked them and for 6 months, the zulus had many victories
Overtime, the British became successful, crushing this rebellions
Ethiopia
Italy claimed ethiopia and the Ethiopian king was not please
One of the main reasons Eurpeans were s successful in subduing the African continent was because of their superior weaponry
knowing this the king of Ethiopia: Menelik II purchaed industrial grade weapons from France and Russia
Resistance was wating for the Italians
Ethiopians were successful in throwing them off and remained an independant African state
India
The British East India Company ruled by a private military was established, compromised of both British officers and SEPOY
SEPOY: Indian soldiers that were either Hindu or Muslim
Because of the rapid westernization occuring in India and feeling that their native traditions and cultures were being lost, a surge of nationalism led to the Sepoy to rebel aka Sepoy Mutiny
Sepoy Mutiny 1857
Once the rebellion began, it spread rapidly across India which indicated that the Indians were not happy with the british colonial rule
In the beginning, the british only had a few troops to crush the Mutiny and eventually they did
The major consequence of this Rebellion is that possession of the colony from the British EastIndiaCompany and into the hands of the government.
7.8 Notes
Romanticism Art, Music, and Literature
Romantic artists rejected the cold rationality of Enlightenment thinking while simutaneously rejecting the calculated percision of neoclassical forms of art.
Instead, romanticism prize draw emotion and subjictavely as a higher subject of artistic expression
In britain with these older forms of art, romantic artists emphasizes six themes as central to their art form
Themes of Romantic Art
Emotion
Eugene De La Croix: Christ on the Sea of Galilee
He is trading the almost photorealistic percision ofneoclassicism and tries to convey the emotion of the scene instead
Nature
Casper David Friedrich: Painted Seashore By Moonlight
Can almost feel the weight of those clouds on your shoulder
Individuality
Casper David Friedrich: Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
Intuition
The idea that a human being can understand the world immediately without reasoning it out first
Poet William Wordsworth: his poetry is an ode to the glory hidden in objects like a meadow, path,or flower
Gave you a sense that the intutive understanding of the wolrd was grander than the analytic understanding of the world
Supernatural
Poet WIlliam Blake: devoted all of hs poet work to trying to dive into the depths of heaven and hell
Did not do it in the image of the thinkers John Calvin or the Puritans but rather with an emphasis on the feeling of faith
National History
Some sought to portrays through emotion and intuition
Francisco Goya: Painted The Third of May
Depicted spanish rebels being executed by French forces in their conflict with napolean
example of an emotional scene and romantic artists using their craft for the sake of glorifying their national history
Russian Composer Tchaicovsky: wrote symphonies and ballets with interweaving harmonies andgreat variations of pitch and volume which had a way of increasing emotional experience of his audeince
One of his more famous piecesis the 1812: Overture
written to glorify the russians who successfully held off Napolean from his invasionin Russia
The Rise of Realism
Emerged in the second half of the 19th century
Realist artist sought to portray the world as it was, and more specifically, the wolrd of everyday people as it was
Aka things must be shown how they are and not portrayed through emotions as Romanticism championed
Movement led and started by Frenc painter Gustave Courbet who painted the stone breakers
French painter Jean Francois: The Gleaners
portrays French peasants at their work but by choosing them as the object of his work
dignified their work in a way that wider society did not
Writers also got on realism party
French writer Honore de Balzac; paved the way for modern novels
His characters were both common and complex
work influenced the English novelist Charles Dickens
Charles Dickens:Subject of his stories were the peasantry andthe working class
Work can be seen as the critique of the idustrial revolution´s enviornmental and social degradation
Modern Art
Romanticism and realism paved the way for this art
As the technology of photography was gaining widespread use, painters no longer felt need to produce their subjects in realistic fashion but instad shifted to a more abstract, subjective interpratation of thier subjects
Impressionism
Majored on light and color as te major subjects of its work
Claude Monet: Haystack painting
illustrates that realism has disappeared
Instead of having a clear side of the landscape,you have a more emotional response to it or impression
Post Impressionism
There was overlap between impressionism and post impressionism
These artist moved more toward a symbolicuse of color and light
Father of this movement was Paul Cezanne: Portrait of Ambroise Vollard
Vincent Van Gogh: Starry night
Cubism
a style that depicted three dimensional objects in two dimensional
Pablo Picasso: most famous of these artists
Painted Women with Mustard Pot
Getting further away from photo realistic imagery