Year 10 Science Assessment Task 2 Notes

Year 10: Semester One Exam Checklist
Topic: Don’t Overreact

  • Elements, compounds, and the periodic table

  • Ionic compounds, Covalent compounds and Metallic compounds

  • Acids, bases, indicators, and pH

  • Exothermic and endothermic reactions

    • Exothermic Reactions: Reactions that release heat into the surroundings. The energy change (enthalpy change)ΔH\Delta H H)isnegative.</p></li><li><p><strong>EndothermicReactions:</strong>Reactionsthatabsorbheatfromthesurroundings.Theenergychange(enthalpychange) is negative.</p></li><li><p><strong>Endothermic Reactions:</strong> Reactions that absorb heat from the surroundings. The energy change (enthalpy change\Delta H)ispositive.</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Chemicalandphysicalchange</p><ul><li><p><strong>PhysicalChange:</strong>Achangethatalterstheformorappearanceofasubstancebutdoesnotchangeitschemicalcomposition(e.g.,meltingice).</p></li><li><p><strong>ChemicalChange:</strong>Achangethatresultsintheformationofnewsubstanceswithdifferentchemicalcompositionsandproperties(e.g.,burningwood).</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Typesofchemicalreactions:</p><ul><li><p>Neutralisation:Reactionbetweenanacidandabasetoformasaltandwater.</p></li><li><p>Acidsandmetals:Reactionbetweenanacidandametaltoproduceasaltandhydrogengas.</p></li><li><p>Acidsandcarbonates:Reactionbetweenanacidandacarbonatetoproduceasalt,water,andcarbondioxidegas.</p></li><li><p>Corrosion:Theprocessbywhichametalisgraduallydestroyedbychemicalreactionswithitsenvironment(e.g.,rustingofiron).</p></li><li><p>Decomposition:Achemicalreactioninwhichacompoundbreaksdownintotwoormoresimplersubstances.</p></li><li><p>Combustion:Arapidreactionbetweenasubstancewithanoxidant,usuallyoxygen,toproduceheatandlight.</p></li><li><p>Precipitation:Theformationofasolid(precipitate)fromasolutionduringachemicalreaction.</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Rateofreaction</p><ul><li><p>Thespeedatwhichachemicalreactionoccurs.Factorsaffectingtherateofreaction:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Temperature:</strong>Generally,anincreaseintemperatureincreasesthereactionrate.</p></li><li><p><strong>Concentration:</strong>Increasingtheconcentrationofreactantsgenerallyincreasesthereactionrate.</p></li><li><p><strong>SurfaceArea:</strong>Increasingthesurfaceareaofsolidreactantsgenerallyincreasesthereactionrate.</p></li><li><p><strong>Catalyst:</strong>Asubstancethatspeedsupareactionwithoutbeingconsumedintheprocess.</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h6id="d6877bf0−3791−4df5−998a−c72341891173"data−toc−id="d6877bf0−3791−4df5−998a−c72341891173"collapsed="false"seolevelmigrated="true">Topic:OnTheMove</h6><ul><li><p>Distanceanddisplacement</p><ul><li><p><strong>Distance:</strong>Thetotallengthofthepathtraveledbyanobject.</p></li><li><p><strong>Displacement:</strong>Theshortestdistancebetweentheinitialandfinalpositionsofanobject,alongwiththedirection.</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Speedandvelocity</p><ul><li><p><strong>Speed:</strong>Therateatwhichanobjectcoversdistance(scalarquantity).</p></li></ul></li><li><p>) is positive.</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Chemical and physical change</p><ul><li><p><strong>Physical Change:</strong> A change that alters the form or appearance of a substance but does not change its chemical composition (e.g., melting ice).</p></li><li><p><strong>Chemical Change:</strong> A change that results in the formation of new substances with different chemical compositions and properties (e.g., burning wood).</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Types of chemical reactions:</p><ul><li><p>Neutralisation: Reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water.</p></li><li><p>Acids and metals: Reaction between an acid and a metal to produce a salt and hydrogen gas.</p></li><li><p>Acids and carbonates: Reaction between an acid and a carbonate to produce a salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas.</p></li><li><p>Corrosion: The process by which a metal is gradually destroyed by chemical reactions with its environment (e.g., rusting of iron).</p></li><li><p>Decomposition: A chemical reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.</p></li><li><p>Combustion: A rapid reaction between a substance with an oxidant, usually oxygen, to produce heat and light.</p></li><li><p>Precipitation: The formation of a solid (precipitate) from a solution during a chemical reaction.</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Rate of reaction</p><ul><li><p>The speed at which a chemical reaction occurs. Factors affecting the rate of reaction:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Temperature:</strong> Generally, an increase in temperature increases the reaction rate.</p></li><li><p><strong>Concentration:</strong> Increasing the concentration of reactants generally increases the reaction rate.</p></li><li><p><strong>Surface Area:</strong> Increasing the surface area of solid reactants generally increases the reaction rate.</p></li><li><p><strong>Catalyst:</strong> A substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed in the process.</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h6 id="d6877bf0-3791-4df5-998a-c72341891173" data-toc-id="d6877bf0-3791-4df5-998a-c72341891173" collapsed="false" seolevelmigrated="true">Topic: On The Move</h6><ul><li><p>Distance and displacement</p><ul><li><p><strong>Distance:</strong> The total length of the path traveled by an object.</p></li><li><p><strong>Displacement:</strong> The shortest distance between the initial and final positions of an object, along with the direction.</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Speed and velocity</p><ul><li><p><strong>Speed:</strong> The rate at which an object covers distance (scalar quantity).</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Speed = \frac{Distance}{Time}

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      • Velocity: The rate at which an object changes its position, including direction (vector quantity).

    • Velocity = \frac{Displacement}{Time} 

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    • Acceleration

      • The rate at which an object's velocity changes over time.

    • Acceleration = \frac{Change \ in \ Velocity}{Time}$$

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    • Distance vs. time graph

      • Represents the distance travelled by an object over time. The slope of the line indicates speed.

    • Speed vs. time graph

      • Represents the speed of an object over time. The slope of the line indicates acceleration.

    • Ticker timer experiment

      • An experiment used to measure the motion of an object by recording the time it takes to travel certain distances using a ticker timer. Allows for the calculation of speed and acceleration.