G. C. E. (Advanced Level) Chemistry Grade 12 Study Notes

G. C. E. (Advanced Level) Chemistry Grade 12 Resource Book

Unit Overview

  • Unit 1: Atomic Structure
  • Unit 2: Structure and Bonding
  • Unit 3: Chemical Calculations
  • Unit 6: Chemistry of s, p and d Block Elements

General Information

  • Published by: Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, National Institute of Education, Sri Lanka
  • ISBN: 978-955-654-913-3

Preface Messages

Director General's Message

  • Focus on quality education through resource book preparation.
  • Resource books align with the G. C. E. (A/L) new syllabus (2017).
  • They aim to offer reliable information in local languages and align with curriculum expectations.

Director's Message

  • Introduction of a rationalized curriculum since 2017 for G.C.E (A/L).
  • New guidelines for teaching, evaluation, and subject content.
  • Availability in multiple languages to aid understanding.

Guidance and Acknowledgments

  • Led by experienced educators and experts from universities.
  • Structure includes internal and external editorial panels.

Content Summary

1. Atomic Structure (01-42)

  • 1.1 The atomic theory of matter

    • Philosophers and early theories by Empedocles & Democritus.
    • John Dalton (1808) formed a precise atomic theory:
    1. Elements consist of indivisible atoms.
    2. All atoms of a given element are identical; those of different elements are different.
    3. Atoms cannot change their element identities through reactions.
    4. Compounds formed by simple ratios of different atoms.
    • Dalton's Golf Ball Model of atoms.

  • 1.1.1 Properties of Cathode Rays

    • Travel in straight lines, cast shadows indicating mass and energy.
    • Evidence of negative charge, deflection in electric/magnetic fields.

  • 1.1.2 The Nucleus of the Atom

    • Goldstein's canal rays and discovery of protons.

  • 1.1.3 Properties of Positive Rays

    • Travel in straight lines, can cast shadows, affected by electric fields indicating their mass.

  • 1.1.4 Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment

    • Most alpha particles pass through foil; some deflected suggesting a dense nucleus.

  • 1.1.5 Atomic Number, Isotopes, and Mass Number

    • Atomic number (Z) determined by number of protons.

  • 1.1.6 Atomic Mass Scale

    • Definition of unified atomic mass unit (u).

  • 1.1.7 Average Atomic Mass and Relative Atomic Mass

    • Relation between atomic mass units and molar mass.
    • Equations for calculating average atomic mass from isotopic abundance.

  • 1.2 Electromagnetic Radiation and Wave-like Properties

    • Characteristics: speed (c), wavelength (λ), frequency (ν), energy (E).
    • Relevant equations:
    • c =
      u imes ext{ λ}
    • E = h imes
      u

  • 1.2.1 Quantization of Energy

    • Concept of energy quantization by Max Planck.

2. Structure and Bonding (43-86)

  • 2.1 Covalent Bonds
  • 2.1.1 Lewis Dot Diagrams and Dot-Dash Structures
  • 2.1.2 Dative Covalent Bonds
  • 2.2 Ionic Bonds/Ionic Interactions
  • 2.2 Metallic Bonds

Chemical Calculations (Units and Equations)

3.1 Oxidation Number

  • Defines electron transfer in chemical reactions.
  • Basic Rules:
    • Total oxidation = 0 in compounds; equal to charge in ions.

3.2 Nomenclature

  • Systematic versus trivial names for elements and compounds.

3.3 Molar Mass & Calculation Examples

  • Mole and molar conversion techniques presented.

3.4 Empirical & Molecular Formulae

  • Related equations to determine formulae from mass and moles.

Chemistry of s, p, and d Block Elements (Units 121-175)

4.1 Group 1 Elements

  • Properties: Lower densities, ns1 configuration, soft metals.
  • Reactions with Oxygen, Water, Acids: e.g. Na reacts soon with water to give NaOH and H2.

4.2 Group 2 Elements

  • General Trends: ns2 configuration, increase in reactivity down the group.

4.3 Group 13-18 Elements & Their Chemical Properties

  • Stainless trends, reactions with water and acids to form metal hydroxides.
  • Detailed reaction equations provided for clarity on interactions.

4.10 d Block Elements

  • Properties: Form colored complexes and ionic/covalent bonds based on oxidation states.

Final Summary: Key Equations & Principles

  • Key equations: Atomic structure, oxidation states, chemical reactions, and molarity.

Concluding Note

  • Comprehensive overview of chemistry concepts vital for Advanced Level students, focusing on crucial definitions, structures, bonding, and calculations applicable in both theoretical and practical contexts.