APUSH Period 6

NOTE: Work in progress, not all of info is here yet + lots of grammatical errors

Causes and ffects of settlement of the west (farming technology & economics)

Mechnization: farming was becoming things done more with machines

  • Mehcanical Reaper and combine harvester quickly replace people as rimary means of harvesting crops

    • could farm more, led to double growth of corn and wheat

    • small farmers could not compete with indsutrial farmers and were usually bought out

    • prices decline, very bad for small farmers especially

  • Railroads: federal government wanted people to mvoe west and settle fronter, but using orgeon trail wasnt convincent— railroads made transportation could mass migrat eamericans for settlement west

    • pacific railraod acts: federal government granted big lands to railraod companies who would build railraods

    • homestead act of 1862: granted poetantal migrants 160 acres west if they would farm it and settle

      • was not a good deal since 160 acres was not enough for. afarmer to make a living

  • Farmrs reilied on railroads to ship crops to market for sale but prices were too high

    • national grange movement: aimed to bring isolatedfarmers togther for socialization anedd education

      • granger laws: pushes widwestern states to pass las reglating reailraod rates and made abusive coorprate practices illegal

        • commerce act of 1886: equired rialroad rates to be reasonable

          • interstate commerce comission: enfroced justice

  • Moving west delt with discovery and extraction of precious metals

    • Pike’s peak: disocvery of gold got many people coming to extract gold

      • boomtowns sprang due to wave of migrants coming for gold

        • very diverse like urban areas in the east

Causes and ffects of settlement of the west (social & cultural)

  • settlers arriving in west with lots of cattle in great plains which was faciliatted via construction of railroads

    • resulted in the ‘wild west’ cowboys who cary cattle

    • sodbusters: argricultural laboerers breaking in the western land’s soil

Differing ideas on how black people should approach their newfound freedom in the New South

Henry Grady: Coined the new south as be believed the south was too reliant on the north

  • still ended up being reliant on northern money

  • alabama is an exception as they increase iron/steel production

  • believed in the supremacy of white race

Redeemers: Southern democrats wanting to undo reconstruction

  • slash state budgets (hospitals closed, education hit worst)

  • Louisiana is the only state that significantly saw literacy rates decrease

  • sharecropping: many white/black farmers, rented land by giving up a high portion of harvest and was limited with their remaining harvest

    • crop lien system: made sharecropping more problematic, loaned farming tools from farmers in exchange for crop lien, interest trapping them

  • convict leasing: saw 13th amendment loophole where they could only practice slavery with convicts and paid prison systems to utilize labor of convicts

After 15th amendment making black people able to vote, the south made it hard for them to vote

  • Grandfather clause: if your black grandfather could vote, you could but usually they could not, so racist it was ruled unconstitutional in 1915

  • literacy tests

Plessy v. Ferguson: 1896, “separate but equal”

  • orchestrated event by group (NAACP)

  • wanted to overturn louisiana law of segregated train cars

  • John Marshall Harlan said constitution of color blind

  • argued this was legal to segregate as long as they were equal

  • set stage for Jim Crow laws

Booker T. Washington: Suggested that before fighting for political rights, they need to focus on the economy first

  • instead of fighting for the right to vote, make money first

  • more supported by whites

  • Southern

WEB DuBois: Suggested they should fight for political rights like education and segregation

  • disagreed with Washington due to the fact that he was undermining and agreeing that black people were less than

  • Northern

  • co-founder of NAACP

  • talented tenth: 10 percent of blacks who were educated will lead the blacks (in response to people saying it does not make sense for blacks to be equal when they aren’t as educated)

Ida B. Wells: Campaigned against lynching and Jim Crow laws

  • editor for memphis free speech

  • writes to bring attention to lynching, especially to show the north what’s happening in the south

  • forced out of south, burned down publication building

    • moves to north and continues writing about lynching

Gilded Age & Industrial Capitalism

  • gold wrapping with nasty inside

  • locally owned businesses eased to exist due to the rise of big corporations (railroad, steel, oil)

  • John Rockefeller: oil industry (owner of standard oil)

    • horiontal integration: one company buys out competitors

      • got all oil companies to sell their companies to him

      • standard oil controled majority of the oil industry

  • Andrew Carnegie

    • vertical integration: aquires complimentary industries, bought up all things that make up and handle steel production

      • dominated steel industry through this

      • Gospel of Wealth: argued that people with wealth had duty from god to invest wealth back nto society via philanthropy

        • gave away millions to build libraries, etc

        • goal was to make gap between rich and poor less

        • idea was not handouts (he believed wealth came from hard work,) but giving money to give opporuntites to help them better themsleves

          • gave away millions to build libraries, etc

        • Philanthropy: inspired by GoW, saw duty to reinvest money into society via less unforunate people (lower class → middle class)

          • Pheobe Apperson Hearst: Gave away her money mainly for poor to be as educated as upper class (established schools)

    • standard oil trust: turned into a monopoly

  • vanderbilt

  • JP Morgan

    • buys out struggling railroad companies, merges companies together

  • these industries grew so big that they wanted to control foreign markets outside the US

  • these men grew rich and were able to get away with these practices in different ways

    • Laissez Faire: no government intervention over busiines practices along with bribery

    • laborers: relied on underpaid laboerers such as european immigrants, children, and women with no wage regulation (employed women because they could ay them less than men)

    • social darwinism: strong companies eat weak companies, arging this is the way of nature

      • would fsll into the hands of the most fit

  • these men were reffered to in either pro or anti ways

    • captians of undustry: favoritable opinions, leaders of industry

    • robber barons: more negatuve opinions, explotation of stratgies

  • “Taylorism”

    • argue to break down process of labor

    • if you do one thing insetad of multiple, you can be more welarhy

      • more hours a day on one thing makes more money

    • subdividing labor

    • led to growth of middle class with white collar jobs/office labor

  • labor unions

    • nights of labor

      • include everyone

      • not skill based (many factory workers

    • american federation of labor

      • smaller

      • skilled laborers

        • ones who felt pushed out of their skills/jobs

    • causes

      • devauling of labor

      • poor working condiitons

      • no benefits

    • purpose

      • collective barganing

      • demand for higher wages, benefits, shorter working days, etc

    • tactics

      • political action

        • 1882 chinse exulusion act:

      • boycotts

      • closed chops

    • homestead act

      • carnagies plant

    • pullman strike: add def

      • details

    • haymarket riot

      • knights of labor membership decreases

    • Sherman antitrust act: in theory used to prevent monopolies

      • vauage language made it used against workers/small companies

Industrialization Technology

  • befote industrialization, americans made things specificaly to use of sell nearby

  • mass production begins worldwide

  • railroad: miles of railroad built to make long distance transportation and selling of goods easier, encouraging mass production

    • federal government saw the beenfits for the economy and heavily funded

    • federal government gave land grants to railroad compaines

    • 4 trasncontential railraods connecting east and the west, creating national markets

  • Steel production

    • Henry Bessemer: process of making steel of stronger quality

      • Bessemer Process: blasting air through molten iron for better steel

    • Beter quality and quantity of steel

Natural Resources

  • more access

  • coal: first major souce of energy for industrialization for factories

    • anthracite coal: in PA, especially helpful for this energy

  • oil: surpassed coal as major fuel for industry

Communications

  • Telegraph: Wires multipled, fast and long distance communication

    • Transatlantic cable connected america and Europe

      • created international market for goods like natural resources and steel

  • Telephone: 1876, more developed, Bell

    • Bell telephone company: end of 1880 more than 50,000 people had telephones

party bosses **

birds of passage**

Immigration

  • ellis island: immigratiin progressing center where people from eyrioe oassed through adn got inspected to check for diseases/disabilities or mental issues.

  • angel island: west coast immigration procesing center, worse condiitons since coming from asias (makes sense due to first immigration laws targeted towards chinese)

medicial evaluations start to show sterotypes being created

  • ethnic enslaves: looking for people who can assist and are familiar to immigrats

    • ex: chinatown, little italy

    • idea that america is a melting pot that everyone melts into something that becomes american is channengled as enclaves makes immigrats assimilate less (salad bowl where some things mix but carrots stay carrots)

  • tenament houses: where lots of immigrants moved, made out of wood, very poor working conditions, no codes but eventual regulations

    • ex: dumbbell tenement

      • everytenament has to have at leats one window

  • migration: moving to urban areas

  • wealthy and middle class move outside of city centers (wealthier neighborhoods and less, big wealth gaps)

Emergance of the middle class

  • large coorporations were divided into three layers: executives, managers, laborers

    • managers were new in the middle, kept daily operations working

      • white collar workers: due to nevee doing labor or gettin g hands dirty, they were reffere to this way

      • growrh od mangerial staff led to growth of supporting workers (legal services, healthcare, etc)

      • men and women roles

        • Typewriter: womens roles became to grow as women learnt to type, typed and earned wages, also hughed to teach

      • middle class: these people earned enoufh money to not be considered lower class, but not wealthy enough to be upper

        • leisure time: higher rise in wages than lower class and shorter working days led to this

          • coney island: largest amusement park in the US

          • PT Barnum’s circus

How different reform movementd responses to the rise f indistrual capitalism in the Gilded Age

  • Laissez Faire Capitalism: led to growth in capitalism since government hardly interfered

    • rich stayed rich and poor stayed poor

  • Henry George: poltiican and economist

    • foolish that so much wealth could be generated by a nation while majority were in poverty

      • Single Tax: solution, elite people owning large land were gaining too much wealth based on value of land, and needed to be taxed more

  • Utopian: art used to challenges industrial capitalism

    • Edward Bellamy: Author of Looking Backward, about a man sleeping in 1887 and waking up in 2000 and find america is a socialist utopia where capitalism is gone and needs were met

  • Socialism: production in society should be regylaed by community to beenfit everyone equally

    • Gained popularity, but not that much

    • Eugene V. Debs: head of a signficiant union

      • Socialist Party of America: gathered few people and ran for president under this but did not do well

  • Social Gospel

    • Christians principles should not be only to indivisuals, but to heal the ills of society

    • Wanted to help urban poverty as their chrsitian duty

  • Womens sufferage

    • National Womens Sufferage Association: By Stanton and Anthony to work to secure right to vote

    • Temperance: fought against consumption of alschol as husbands got drunk

      • Woemns Chrisitan Temperance Union: total absense from alchol

      • Anti-saloon league

      • Carrie Nation: less peaceful, said she was a bulldog barking at what jesus doesnt like, used hatchet to slash liquour barrels

How the role in the government in the government changes

  • interstste commerce commision: states cannnot regulate interstate railroads, only federal government

    • cant set rates or enforce regulations on interstate commerce, which led to the establishment of federal oversight to ensure fair practices and competition among railroads

  • poltiical stalemate: nobody has a strong stance because did not wanna upset voters

    • highest voter turnout

  • party patronage: who you know is how you get poltiical roles

  • civil service rfeform

    • government gets involved more

    • removing party patronage to merit

      • civil service exam

      • assisination og garfilef pushes this since the killer was an office seeker

  • more abraod economically

    • asian markets: anex of hawaii

    • open door policy: keeping china open for trade in US

comparsion of poltiical parties

  • The comparison of political parties during this period highlights the shift from patronage-based systems to merit-based systems, as both Democrats and Republicans began to recognize the need for reform in response to corruption scandals.

    • republicans: north, pro buisiness, tarrifs, hard money vs soft money (pro gold since it keeos value of money high)

  • democrats: south, pro agrarian (tenant farming), limited federal power

    • split democratic party in silver as free silver makes prices go up and more money is made

  • populist party

    • integrative of poc

    • Concerned about high cost of money

    • Created third political party

      • Farmers should do more protesting and less corn production

      • Spread newspapers in Kansas for their issue

      • Leaders called for seize reins of government and tame power of wealthy

    • Endorsed labor unions

    • Lower railroad rates 

    • Graduated income tax

  • during 1892 election, populist party wins a lot of states

  • william jennigs bryan: DNC cannot decide who to elect due to split due to free coin/silver, his speech sells people to elect him

  • election of 1896 elects mckin