Skeletal SYSTEM PPW Armstrong Health 25 26
Page 1: Anatomy
The Skeletal System
Overview of the skeletal system, serving as the framework of the body.
Page 2: Anatomy - The Skeletal System
Assessment Statements
Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton anatomically.
Distinguish functions of the axial vs. appendicular skeleton.
Apply anatomical terminology for bone location.
Page 3: Anatomical Position
Definition: Standing erect, facing forward with feet parallel.
Standard reference point for positions, movements, and planes, especially for joints.
Page 4: Anatomical Terms
Directional Terms
Superior (Cranial): Toward the head (e.g., head is superior to the abdomen).
Inferior (Caudal): Away from the head (e.g., navel is inferior to the chin).
Anterior (Ventral): Toward the front (e.g., breastbone is anterior to the spine).
Posterior (Dorsal): Toward the back (e.g., heart is posterior to the breastbone).
Page 5: Internal vs. External
Location Definitions
Internal: Inside or farther from the surface (e.g., the heart is internal to the ribcage).
External: On or near the surface (e.g., male reproductive system is external).
Page 6: Examples of Anatomical Terms
Examples:
Head superior to shoulders.
Shoulder proximal to elbow.
Patella anterior to hamstrings.
Hand distal to elbow.
Inside of elbow medial to outside.
Page 7: Overview of the Skeletal System
Composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.
Accounts for nearly 20% of body weight; 206 bones total (80 axial, 126 appendicular).
Divided into axial (main core) and appendicular parts.
Page 8: Functions of the Skeleton
Protection: Shields vital organs (e.g., ribcage).
Storage: Reservoir for minerals like calcium and phosphorus for muscle and nerve function.
Muscle Attachment: Connects muscles via ligaments; enables movement through tendons.
Blood Cell Production: RBCs/WBCs produced in red bone marrow (in flat and long bones).
Shape & Support: Provides structural support.
Energy Storage: Stores lipids in yellow bone marrow.
Page 9: Axial Skeleton
Forms the core structure; more rigid.
Protects organs, includes cranium, vertebral column, thoracic cage.
Skull protects the brain and sensory organs.
Page 10: Naming Bones
Common vs. Scientific Names for major bones (Clavicle, Cranium, etc.).
Page 11: Functions of Vertebrae
Supports head, protects spinal cord, transmits weight, and provides attachment for ribs/muscles.
33 vertebrae total with varied mobility restrictions.
Page 12: Vertebrae Curvature
Four curves: increases strength, balance, and absorbs shock; includes cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral regions.
Page 13: Spinal Curves
Describes normal spinal curvature, kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis.
Page 14: Sternum and Ribs
Sternum: Located in the chest, connects to ribs.
Ribs: 12 pairs; include false and floating ribs.
Critical for thoracic cage function and breathing.
Page 15: Appendicular Skeleton
Facilitates movement with pelvic and pectoral girdles.
Divided into upper and lower body.
Page 16: Pectoral Girdle
Formed by clavicles and scapulae; allows for arm movement.
Clavicle as only bony connection to the axial skeleton.
Page 17: Upper Body - Arms
Involves humerus, ulna, radius; articulates with scapula and elbow joint.
Page 18: Upper Body - Hands
Structure includes carpal bones, metacarpals, and phalanges.
Page 19: Lower Body - Pelvic Girdle
Composed of ilium, ischium, and pubis; connects to the axial skeleton.
Page 20: Lower Body - Legs
Femur articulates with pelvis and tibia; includes bones of the lower leg (tibia, fibula).
Page 21: Lower Body - Knees
The patella increases tendon leverage and protects the knee joint.
Page 22: Lower Legs - Feet
Tarsals articulate with metatarsals and phalanges; structure supports body weight.
Page 23: Assessment Statements
Terms related to bone classification and functions of connective tissue.
Page 24: Types of Bones
Long Bones: Longer than wide (e.g., femur).
Short Bones: Cube-shaped (e.g., tarsals).
Flat Bones: Thin and curved (e.g., sternum).
Irregular Bones: Specialized functions (e.g., vertebrae).
Page 25: Bone Structure
Matrix of collagen and mineral salts; structure becomes hardened.
Page 26: Components of Long Bone
Diaphysis: Long shaft with periosteum.
Epiphysis: Ends with red marrow production.
Cancellous Bone: Honeycomb structure.
Articular Cartilage: Reduces friction.
Periosteum: Outer lining aids growth and repair.
Page 27: Structure of Long Bone - Summary
Contains compact bone, periosteum, nutrient arteries, and endosteum.
Page 28: Compact Bone
Dense, solid outer layer of long bones.
Page 29: Bone Structure Details
Highlights sections of a long bone including epiphysis and marrow cavity.
Page 30: Cancellous Bone
Found in various bone types, with red marrow for blood production.
Page 31: Articular Cartilage
Reduces friction at joints and supports bone function.
Page 32: Function of Articular Cartilage
Key for joint articulation and shock absorption.
Page 33: Periosteum Function
Essential for bone growth and tissue attachment.
Page 34: Diaphysis and Medullary Cavity
Yellow bone marrow storage and oxygenated blood supply.
Page 35: Bone Structure Recap
Components listed: Diaphysis, epiphysis, cartilage, marrow, blood vessels.
Page 36: Medullary Cavity
Storage of yellow bone marrow and nutrient passage.
Page 37: Bone Composition Reminder
Diaphysis, epiphysis, and their connections reiterated.
Page 38: Connective Tissue
Comprises fibers binding bones, connecting muscles to bones.
Functions include organ support and tissue repair.
Page 39: Cartilage Function
Cushions and reduces friction; consists of elastic, fibrocartilage, and hyaline types.
Page 40: Ligaments
Connect bone to bone; provide stability but are prone to tears.
Page 41: Ligament Function & Injuries
ACL injury mechanisms and treatments outlined.
Page 42: Tendons
Connect muscles to bones; subject to common injuries.
Page 43: Patella Tendon Function
Description of tendonitis and relevant injuries.
Page 44: Assessment Statements on Joints
Definitions and distinctions pertaining to joint types and movements.
Page 45: Definition of Joint
Joints are where bones meet, permitting mobility and support.
Page 46: Joint Movement & Stability
Movement inversely related to stability; various factors influence this.
Page 47: Joint Classifications
Fibrous: Minimal movement.
Cartilaginous: Limited movement.
Synovial: Most mobile.
Page 48: Fibrous Joints
Types with examples; minimal mobility present.
Page 49: Cartilaginous Joints
Flexible cartilage connections, e.g. intervertebral discs.
Page 50: Synovial Joints
Highly mobile joints; six types identified (e.g., hip, shoulder).
Page 51: Osteoarthritis
Condition characterized by thinning bone density affecting weight-bearing joints.
Page 52: Joint Components and Types
Overview of various types of connective tissue within joints.
Page 53: Synovial Joint Features
Joint capsule, fluid, cartilage, and bursa explained.
Page 54: Visuals Required for Synovial Joints
Draw and annotate components of synovial joints.
Page 55: Practice Identifying Joint Structures
Components listed for recognition and understanding.
Page 56: Practice in Identification
Joint structures reinforced.
Page 57: Types of Synovial Joints
Classification types: ball and socket, hinge, pivot, etc.
Page 58: Gliding Joints
Characteristics and examples provided, explaining limited movements.
Page 59: Hinge Joint
Description of flexion and extension mechanics.
Page 60: Pivot Joint
Mechanics of rotation, anatomy discussed.
Page 61: Condyloid Joint
Movement noted, similarities to ball and socket explained.
Page 62: Saddle Joint
Characteristics and functional importance highlighted.
Page 63: Ball and Socket Joint
Overview of rotational and multidirectional movements.
Page 64: Summary of Types of Synovial Joints
Overview of joint types, mechanics, and mobility factors explained.
Page 65: Types of Joints Table
Classification reminders appear in tabular form for clarity.
Page 66-68: Joint Anatomy
Structures of specific joints: hip, elbow, knee outlined with components.
Page 69: Sprains
Explanation of sprains' effects and associated healing considerations.
Page 70: Dislocations
Discussion of joint dislocation mechanisms and implications.
Page 71: Bursitis
Symptoms and typical treatment methods for this condition explained.
Page 72: The Muscular System Assessment
Introduction statements required for evaluation.
Page 73: Muscle System Overview
Key responsibilities outlined for muscle tissue functionality.
Page 74: Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
Nerve supply, blood flow statistics mentioned.
Page 75: Three Types of Muscle Tissue
Differentiation among skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
Page 76: Smooth Muscle
Description of involuntary, non-striated muscle role.
Page 77: Cardiac Muscle
Details of heart muscle's structure and function included.
Page 78: Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary control and key structural characteristics detailed.
Page 79: Functions of Muscles
Outline of muscular functions provided.
Page 80: Muscle Tissue Characteristics
Functional properties: contractility, extensibility, and elasticity.
Page 81: Fascia
Connective tissue functionality explained.
Page 82: Levels of Muscle Structure
Breakdown of muscle layers from epimysium to endomysium.
Page 83: Muscle Fiber Structure
Visual breakdown of muscle fibers and cellular characteristics.
Page 84: Myofibrils
Explanation of contractile fibers within muscle cells.
Page 85: Sarcomere
Basic unit of muscle contraction illustrated.
Page 86: Muscle Fiber Structure
Further details on myofilament arrangement.
Page 87: Myofilaments
Distinction between actin and myosin roles detailed.
Page 88: Myosin Functionality
Overview of myosin's role in muscle contraction.
Page 89: Actin Functionality
Explanation of actin's role in conjunction with myosin.
Page 90: Myofilament Interaction
Actin and myosin action in contraction process.
Page 91: Muscle Structure Breakdown
Identification of structural elements from muscle cells to contraction components.
Page 92: Labeling Muscle Structure
Identifying components involved in skeletal muscle function.
Page 93: Atrophy vs. Hypertrophy
Definition of muscle reduction vs. gain.
Page 94: Muscle Adaptation
Discussion on how muscles adapt to activity levels over time.
Page 95: Performance Declines with Aging
Discussion on physical performance decline across ages.
Page 96-97: Muscle Identification Worksheet
Templates for identifying various muscle types.
Page 98: Muscle Assessment Statements
Clarifications needed for origin and insertion definitions.
Page 99: Origin and Insertion
Definitions and explanations of muscle attachment points.
Page 100: Muscle Action Understanding
Mechanisms of muscle contraction and role of antagonistic pairs.
Page 101: Antagonistic Muscles
Explanation of how muscles work in opposing pairs.
Page 102: Flexion of the Arm
Description of agonist vs. antagonist roles during movement.
Page 103: Rectus Abdominus
Specific muscle details and strengthening exercises.
Page 104: External Obliques
Location, movement, and exercises for strengthening.
Page 105: Erector Spinae
Muscle details including movement and origin/insertion points.
Page 106: Deltoid
Key shoulder muscle functions and its exercise technique.
Page 107: Pectoralis Major
Overview of major functions and strength exercises.
Page 108: Biceps Brachii
Structure and function described along with exercises.
Page 109: Triceps Brachii
Details on this muscle's function and relevant exercise techniques.
Page 110: Trapezius Muscle
Functions and regions detailed along with strength exercises.
Page 111: Latissimus Dorsi
Role of muscle in the back with strengthening methods noted.
Page 112: Iliopsoas
Structure, function, and exercise example provided.
Page 113: Sartorius
Location and movement characteristics discussed.
Page 114: Quadriceps
Details on various quadricep muscles and their movements.
Page 115: Gluteus Maximus
Muscle details and strengthening exercises mentioned.
Page 116: Tibialis Anterior
Function and strengthening exercise outlined.
Page 117: Hamstrings
Overview of the hamstring group and exercise methods.
Page 118: Gastrocnemius
Structure and functionality in the calf region discussed.
Page 119: Soleus
Description of muscle position and associated exercises.