Intro to Metabolism (copy)

Metabolism → all chemical reactions that take place throughout the body

Catabolism → breaking large things into smaller things and releasing energy

Anabolism → building small things into large things by using energy

ADP → uncharged/ drained energy carrier: adenosine diphosphate

ATP → charged energy carrier: adenosine triphosphate

NAD+ → an energy carrier with ADP + Nicotinic Acid (B3)

NADH → an energy carrier with ADP +Nicotinic Acid (B3) + 1 H

FAD → an energy carrier with ADP + B2

FADH2 → an energy carrier with ADP + B2 + 2 H

First Law of Thermodynamics → energy can be transferred between objects or converted between types

Second Law of Thermodynamics → the conversion and storage of energy is never 100% efficient

I can compare and contrast catabolism/ anabolism

Catabolism

Anabolism

- breaking large things into smaller things

- building small things into large things

- releases energy

- using energy

used by heterotrophs

used by autotrophs

I can explain how the laws of thermodynamics relate to biology

  • Some energy is lost in the form of heat in various steps of conversion, some lost in body processes of species

  • A process must have enough energy to proceed, but any extra energy is lost

I can describe the "recharging" of energy carriers

  • ATP to ADP (Adenosine Triphosphate to Adenosine Diphosphate):

    • ATP is like a charged battery in cells, carrying energy for various cellular processes.

    • When a cell needs energy, it breaks down ATP into ADP, releasing energy that powers cellular activities.

    • This process is akin to using up a fully charged battery until it becomes partially discharged.

  • NAD+ to NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide to Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + Hydrogen):

    • NAD+ acts as an electron carrier in cellular respiration, shuttling electrons during the breakdown of glucose to produce energy.

    • As glucose is broken down, NAD+ picks up electrons and a hydrogen ion to form NADH.

    • This conversion represents storing energy in the form of high-energy electrons, similar to charging a battery by storing electrons.

  • FAD to FADH2 (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide to Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide + 2 Hydrogen):

    • FAD is another electron carrier involved in cellular respiration.

    • It accepts electrons and hydrogen ions from metabolic reactions to become FADH2.

    • This transformation is akin to storing energy by capturing high-energy electrons, much like charging a battery to store electrical energy.