IT-RAD 102




IMPORTANCE OF RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND HEALTHCARE: THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF MEDICAL IMAGING IN HEALTHCARE

EARLY DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS: UNLOCKING EARLY INTERVENTION

EARLY DETECTION

IMPROVED DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY

PERSONALIZED TREATMENT

ENHANCED PATIENT OUTCOMES

  •   provides to identify the abnormalities and to improve the outcomes of many diseases


  • Increases the chance of successful treatment

  • Provides detailed images that aid in accurate diagnosis


  • Help visualize internal studies that may have been missed during the physical examination. 

  • Helps tailor treatment plans for individual patients


  • With the detailed info. Doctors will be able to develop the most effective treatment for patients.

  • Enhancing the successful treatment


  • Reducing the severity of disease


  • Improving long-term prognosis






GUIDING TREATMENT: MINIMALLY INVASIVE PROCEDURES AND PRECISE INTERVENTIONS

INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY

GUIDED BIOPSY

MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERIES

  • allows doctors to treat diseases and perform interventions with minimal incisions, reducing pain and recovery time for patients.


  • Higher chances of survival 

  • A tissue is sampled to analysis abnormalities


  • Can be done if x-ray image cannot detect the actual diagnosis.

  • Operate on internal structure w/ minimal incisions 


  • Ex. laparoscopy 





MONITORING DISEASE PROGRESSION: TRACKING CHANGES AND ADJUSTING TREATMENTS

BASELINE IMAGING

FOLLOW-UP IMAGING

TREATMENT ADJUSTMENTS

  • allows doctors to treat diseases and perform interventions with minimal incisions, reducing pain and recovery time for patients.


  • Higher chances of survival 

  • Monitor disease progression 

  • Physicians may adjust treatment or advance your treatment



PLANNING AND EVALUATING SURGICAL PROCEDURES: PRECISE PREOPERATIVE PLANNING AND POSTOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT  

PREOPERATIVE PLANNING 

SURGICAL GUIDANCE

POSTOPERATIVE EVALUATION

  • Detailed anatomically images to allow surgeons to plan the most effective and minimal invasive surgery approach


  • Careful planning minimizes the damage of healthy tissues 

  • Intraoperative ultrasound/fluoroscopy provide real-time guide to surgeons

  • Helps assess the success of the surgery












REDUCING DIAGNOSTIC UNCERTAINTY: DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN CONDITIONS AND GUIDING TREATMENT  

DIAGNOSTIC UNCERTAINTY

IMAGING-BASED DIFFERENTIATION

TARGETED TREATMENT

  • Arise when clinical symptoms are inconclusive 


  • Reduce diagnostic uncertainty and add more detailed info. 

  • PET scans or specialized MRI sequences can differentiate between various conditions , which allow doctors to make accurate diagnosis.  

  • Enables doctor to provide targeted treatment plans 


  • Maximizing the effectiveness of interventions 




ENHANCING PATIENT CARE: NON-INVASIVE MONITORING AND PERSONALIZED TREATMENT

PRENATAL CARE

CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH

NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

MUSCULOSKELETAL 

  • Machine: Ultrasound 


  • Monitor fetal development 


  • Assess the health of fetus 


  • Detect the potential complication during pregnancy 

  • Machine: ECG (Electrocardiography)


  • Uses the ultrasound waves to create the images of the heart


  • Monitor heart conditions 

  • Machine: 

MRI( Magnetic Resonance Imaging)


CT-SCAN(Computed Tomography Scan


  • Diagnosis for neurological conditions 


  • Provide detailed images of brain and spinal cord

  • Machine: X-rays, MRI, and ultrasound


  • Used to diagnose and monitor injuries, arthritis, and bone fractures 











RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT: ADVANCING MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES 

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

3D IMAGING AND VISUALIZATION

MOLECULAR IMAGING 

  • Developed to analyze medical images w/increasing accuracy and efficiency



  • Assisting radiologists in identifying abnormalities

  • Provides more detailed and immersive view of internal structures  

  • Refined to provide more sensitive and specific info. About cellular and molecular processes, leading to earlier diagnosis and effective treatment 































HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: EVOLUTION OF HEALTHCARE DELIVERY

INFECTED FINGERS: Doctor orders leeches to treat the infections

  1. Health Care Through Time

4000 BC-3000 BC PRIMITIVE TIMES

  • Illness and disease caused by spirits and demons

  • Avg. Life Span : 20 yrs

3000 BC-300 ANCIENT EGYPTIANS

  • Believed Body was system of channels(ducts)

  • Bloodletting was used when channels were “Blocked”

  • Ebers Papyrus: Compilation of Herbal Treatment/Knowledge

  • Avg. Life Span: 20-30 yrs

1700 BC-220 AD ANCIENT CHINESE

  • Acupuncture: treatment for pain and congestions

  • Avg. Life Span: 20-30 yrs

1200 BC-200 ANCIENT GREEKS

  • Hippocrates: Father of Medicine

                                  - Developed organized method to observe human body

                                  - Recorded signs and symptoms 

                                  - physicians” The Hippocratic Oath”

                                  - medicine should be separate from religion 


  • Aristotle: 1st who dissected animals; founder of human anatomy

  • Avg. Life Span: 25-35 yrs

                     













753 BC-410ANCIENT ROMANS

  • First to provide medical care for injured soldiers

  • Hospitals established in religious institutions 

  • Began Public health & Sanitation systems

  • Aqueducts: carries the clean water to cities

  • Sewers: carries the waste away from the cities

  • Claudius Galen: Body is controlled by a balance of fluids like blood, phlegm, and bile

                                    - if there is an imbalance in body fluid it leads to illness

- Avg. Life Span: 25-35 yrs

800 AD-1400 MIDDLE AGES

  • Medical universities were created

  • Pandemic killed ¾ of the population of Europe and Asia 

  • Arab Physicians required to pass exam before getting license to practice 

  • Avg. Life Span: 20-35 yrs

1350 AD-1650 RENAISSANCE 

  • Body dissection was performed

  • Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci: drew the human body

  • Andrea Vesalii: 1st anatomy book- On the Fabric of the Human body (De humani Corporis fabrica)

  • Printing press Allowed for distribution of infos.

  • Trephining: early form of “therapy” for headache

                             - making a hole in the skull

                             - 1st Surgery Done

                             - tool used : Tocar 


  • Avg. Life Span: 30-40 yrs

16TH-17TH CENTURIES 

  • Cause of death still not known

  • Ambrose Pare: Father of modern surgery

  • William Harvey: described the circulation of heart to and from

  • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: invented the microscope

  • Avg. Life Span: 35-45 yrs

18TH CENTURY

  • Gabriel Fahrenheit: Invented the 1st mercury thermometer

  • Edward Jenner: developed the smallpox vaccine

  • Avg. Life Span: 40-50 yrs





19TH CENTURY

  • French Barbers: acted as surgeons by extracting tooth, using leeches for treatment, and giving enemas

  • Wiliam Harvey (1818): 1st Blood transfusion

  • Rene Laennec (1819): Invented the stethoscope

  • Elizabeth Blackwelll(1849): 1st female physician in the US

  • Florence Nightingale: Founder of modern nursing

                                              -  Began education for nurses (1850-1860)


  • Joseph Lister(1865): began using disinfectants and antiseptics in surgery to prevent infections

  • Louis Pasteur(1885): Pasteurized milk to kill bacteria; created rabies vaccine 

  • Dimitri Ivanpfski(1892): discovered virus 

  • Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen(1895): Discovered x-rays

  • Avg. Life Span= 40-60 yrs

20TH CENTURY

  • Most rapid growth in modern healthcare

  • Many diseases were specifically identified, treated, and cure 

  • Standard of care were established

  • Technology is adhered into healthcare 

  • Carl Lansteiner (1901): Classified ABO blood Groups

  • Sigmund Freud(1901): Formed the basis for psychology and psychiatry

  • Fredrick Banting And Charles Best(1992): Discovered the insulin to treat diabetes

  • Alexander Fleming (1992): Discovered the antibiotic penicillin

  • George Papanicolaou: Developed the “pap smear” to detect cervical cancer in females

  • Jonas Salk(1952):developed the polio vaccine using the dead polio virus

  • Francis Crick and James Watson(1953): discovered the DNA structure

  • Godfrey Hounsfield(1975): Developed the CAT Scan

  • Louise Brown(1978): 1st test-tube baby

  • AIDS( ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME): 1st identified as disease in (1981)

  • HIV (1984)

  • Ben Carson(1987): 1st surgeon to separate conjoined twins

  • Dolly/ Dolly the sheep(1997): 1st cloned sheep by Dr. Ian Wilmut

  • Avg. Life Span: 60-70 years








21ST CENTURY

  • COVID-19: Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Virus; global pandemic on 2019

  • Ebola Virus Diseases: Outbreak in West africa (2014-2016)

  • Zika Virus: Outbreak in Brazil(2010) ; linked with birth defects such as microcephaly( no head) ; caused by mosquito bites

  • Antibiotic-Resistant Infections: Increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics which led to “superbugs”( uncontinued antibiotics or not finishing the plan

  • MAJOR HEALTH DISCOVERIES AND INNOVATIONS

                           1. Precision Medicine: tailoring medical treatment to the    individual characteristics of each patient


                           2. CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats): a revolutionary tool for editing genes with high precision, offering potential treatments for genetic disorders and advancing research in genetics.


                           3. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning AI and machine learning : used in health care for diagnostics, treatment planning, and patient management.


                           4.Immunotherapy: has become a major treatment modality for various cancers, leveraging the body's immune system to target and destroy cancer cells. 


                           5.Wearable Health Technology : Wearable devices such as smartwatches and fitness trackers have become integral in monitoring health metrics and managing chronic conditions. 


                            6.Gut Microbiome Research Research:  into the gut microbiome has revealed its critical role in overall health, including digestion, immunity, and mental health.


                             7.Telemedicine: has expanded rapidly, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, providing remote consultations and monitoring.