Reformation

when was the time of the reformation: 1517- 1648

Great Schism - The church lost credibility due to Clement and Urban both saying they were the voice of god

Black Death- Cardinals flee during the Black Death and the church’s promise to bring an end to the plague is proven invalid

Renaissance - Christian Humanism + Printing Press

Illiteracy- the inability to read or write, less people are illiterate due to printing press

Tithes- 10% income tax from the church

Indulgences - A free pass to heaven given by the Church for helping with either money, crusades, etc. Often sold by the church to gather funds to send to Rome.

95 Theses - 95 reasons why Luther hated the Catholic church, written in 1517 in whitten–burg

German Princes - Big supporters of Martin Luther who sheltered him after being excommunicated.

Diet of Worms - trial in worms germany for the excommunication of luther

Edict of Worms - The verdict: Luther is found as a heretic and is banished from the HRE

Peasants’ Revolt of 1524- Luther only believes everyone is equal in the church and peasants who revolted were put to the sword and 100,000 were killed


Institutes of the Christian Religion - book by calvin


Anabaptist- adult baptism, communal living, no leader or area, others killed them, mainly lower class


Book of Common Prayer- Anglican so that all services were planned out and the same in every church, no more inconsistencies


Spiritual Exercises- book by ignatius of loyola that strengthens religious values for Jesuits


Jesuits - A group centered around Ignatius’ “Spiritual Exercises”. They would reform the catholic church by reconverting protestants, converting non-christians, and forming schools that the poor could attend


Council of Trent - Council of Roman Catholic Church to address the protestant religions.

  • Catholic Church’s words were final 

  • Christans needed faith and good works for salvation

  • Bible and Church equally powerful in individual christian life(guidance)

  • Indulgences are a valid form of good works, but selling them was banned

Seminary schools - Schools for Priests so they would be educated properly and there would be less consistencies


Index of Forbidden Texts- Books that are banned by the Church, usually ones that promoted protestant beliefs are opposed the authority of the church; type of censorship

Pope Alexander VI- Pope, made his son the king of spain and had an arranged marriage for his daughter four times

John Wycliffe- English priest and professor at oxford, translated the bible into english, thought that everyone should read the bible, bible is the only authority, thought the church shouldn’t own no wealth

Jan Huss- Czech/Bohemian priest that preaches in the vernacular, believes in eucharist for all, and the bible was the only authority

Johann Tetzel- Cardinal who sold indulgences- inspired Luther to publish his 95 Theses “when the coin from the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs

Martin Luther- After a near death experience in a storm, he devotes his life to god and creates the Lutheran religion and fought against the ideas of the Catholic church

Leo X- The Pope from the beginning of the reformation that threatens to excommunicate luther or anyone who follows him

Charles V- promises fair trial to luther before excommunication, holy roman emperor from the start of the reformation

Henry VIII- The monarch of England during the early Reformation. Founder of the Anglican church because the Catholic Church wouldn’t let him leave his wife

Ignatius of Loyola- creates the jesuits and the book “spiritual exercises” to build back the catholic church

Pope Paul III- Catholic Pope who investigates the church, uses the Jesuits to gain back religious followers, Inquisition to get rid of protestants, and council of trent seminary schools

Pope Paul IV- burns art and books of reformation and creates ghettos to separate Jewish and Muslim people in Rome