Bio exam #3

Water potential is determined by what two components? Solute potential (Ψs) and pressure potential (Ψp)

Formula for water potential Ψ = Ψs + Ψp

Direction water moves based on water potential From higher water potential to lower water potential

Effect of increasing solute concentration on water potential Makes water potential more negative (lower)

Water potential of pure water 0 MPa

Where does transpiration occur in plants? Stomata in the leaves

Definition of transpiration Loss of water vapor from leaves through evaporation

Main force pulling water up tall plants Cohesion-tension mechanism

Property causing water molecules to stick together Cohesion

Property causing water to stick to xylem walls Adhesion

Role of transpiration in plants Creates negative pressure that pulls water from roots to leaves

What tissue transports water and minerals? Xylem

What tissue transports sugars? Phloem

The pressure-flow hypothesis explains transport in which tissue? Phloem

Direction sugars move in plants Source to sink

Source (in sugar transport) Where sugars are produced (usually leaves)

Sink (in sugar transport) Where sugars are used or stored (roots, fruits, growing tissues)

Water enters phloem at the source by what process? Osmosis

Three main plant organs Roots, stems, leaves

Function of roots Absorb water/minerals, anchor plant, store nutrients

Function of stems Support plant and transport materials

Function of leaves Photosynthesis, gas exchange, transpiration

Three plant tissue systems Dermal tissue, vascular tissue, ground tissue

Dermal tissue function Protection and gas exchange

Vascular tissue function Transport of water, minerals, and sugars

Ground tissue function Photosynthesis, storage, support

Two main vascular tissues Xylem and phloem

Xylem cells are typically Living or dead? → Dead at maturity

Phloem cells are Living cells

Plant growth occurs in what tissues? Meristems

Apical meristems cause what type of growth? Primary growth (length)

Lateral meristems cause what type of growth? Secondary growth (thickness)

Secondary growth mainly increases what? Stem and root thickness

Macronutrients required by plants Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur

Micronutrients required by plants Iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum

Where do plants absorb most nutrients? Roots

Mycorrhizae Symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungi

Benefit plants get from mycorrhizae Increased nutrient and water absorption

What do fungi get from mycorrhizae? Sugars from the plant

Carnivorous plants obtain what nutrient from insects? Nitrogen

Example of asexual plant reproduction Strawberry runners

Other types of asexual reproduction in plants Bulbs, tubers, rhizomes, cuttings

Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are Genetically identical clones

Male reproductive structure of flowers Stamen

Parts of the stamen Anther and filament

Female reproductive structure of flowers Carpel (pistil)

Parts of the carpel Stigma, style, ovary

Structure that produces pollen Anther

Structure that receives pollen Stigma

Where are ovules located? Ovary

Pollination Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

Double fertilization produces Zygote and endosperm

Function of endosperm Provides nutrients to developing embryo

Embryo sac is located in the Ovule

Seed germination requires what conditions? Water, oxygen, and proper temperature