Untitled Notes

Types of War

Just War Theory: A Christian perspective on the ethical considerations surrounding war.

Categorization of War:
- BREAKING 19TH CENTURY WORLD ORDER
- Revolutionary Wars: Aim to overthrow existing governments and establish new orders.
- Civil and Guerrilla Wars:
- Civil wars: Within a nation, may involve armies.
- Guerrilla wars: Insurgent tactics against established military.
- Limited vs. Total Wars:
- Limited Wars: Utilize only a portion of a nation's resources.
- Total Wars: Mobilize all national resources; noted that the U.S. has never engaged in a total war.
- Preemptive Wars: Initiated based on belief that an enemy would attack first.
- Wars of Conquest and Defense: Nations may engage in wars to conquer territory or defend against aggressors.
- Cold Wars: Extended periods of conflict without direct military engagement, typically ideological.

Just Cause: A righteous cause justifying war, such as self-defense or protecting innocents.
Legitimate Authority: Must be declared by the appropriate organization or entity.
Right Intention: Objectives should correct wrongs, not driven by hatred or territorial gain.
Last Resort: All other options must be exhausted before resorting to war.
Reasonable Chance of Success: There must be a realistic prospect of victory.
Proportionality: Military response should be proportional to the initial assault, highlighting the need to consider civilian lives.

Nationalism: Historical tensions between neighboring countries.
Imperialism: Competition for colonies, particularly in Africa and Asia, fueling rivalries outside of Europe.
Alliances: Nations formed alliances for mutual protection, creating balance of power dynamics.
Militarism: The arms race and ideology promoting readiness for war.
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Viewed as a pivotal moment that ignited the war, though not all factors considered.
Germany’s Initiation: Germany attacks France, partly driven by preemptive beliefs regarding war.

Use of Wartime Propaganda: Mobilized economies and kept public morale high through music, art, and media.
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points: A progressive approach to peace post-war.
Outcomes of the War: The Treaty of Versailles, formalizing conclusions, including economic adjustments and reparations.
Human Cost of War: Estimated 17-20 million dead within four years.
Punitive Peace for European Victors: Redrawing of borders, territorial claims, and reparations from Germany, imposing a war guilt narrative.
Legacy of WWI: The dissolution of the old social order leading into the Great Depression.

Originated in the United States, creating a global economic collapse.
Issues Faced:
- Lack of economic diversification focused on automobiles and consumer goods.
- Uneven wealth distribution; absence of social safety systems.
- Unregulated banking systems leading to instability.
- High unemployment rates in the U.S. at about 25%.

Emergence of Alternative Ideologies: Amidst instability, fascism and communism gained popularity as alternatives to capitalism.
Joseph Stalin & Soviet Communism:
- Promises of equal rights and support through state control of economy and society.
- Suppression of political opposition and use of propaganda through art.

State Control: Total ownership by the government, leading to the collective welfare of the populace without individual rights.
Promises of Stability: Offers food, shelter, education, but at a cost of personal freedoms.
Demagogues: Charismatic leaders offering simple solutions to complex societal issues often targeting scapegoats.

Existentialism: A modern philosophy emphasizing individual freedom and subjective experiences.
Militarism in Fascism: Promotes expansionism and state supremacy over individual rights.
Socialist Economy: Involves substantial government control over key industries.
Civil Rights Guarantees: Democracy allows for competitive elections and individual rights protections, exemplified by the U.S. Bill of Rights.

American Isolationism: A desire to avoid foreign entanglement while selectively engaging for national interests.
Military Goals: Efforts to protect American interests without unnecessary wars.
Philosophical Context in War: Examines the existential concepts of meaning and individual responsibility amidst chaos.

Advancement in Medicine: Introduction of vaccines for diseases such as diphtheria and tuberculosis, alongside antibiotics like penicillin.
Electricity and Mass Culture: The rise of radio and film, transforming entertainment and information dissemination.

Golden Age of Cinema: Notable films like Casablanca and The Wizard of Oz, and expansion of theatre during the early 20th century.
Influence of Architecture: Use of structural steel leading to skyscrapers, noted examples include the Chrysler Building (1928) and residential designs by Frank Lloyd Wright.

Modernism: A literary shift focusing on characters' inner experiences often using techniques like stream of consciousness.
Notable Authors:
- James Joyce with Ulysses.
- Virginia Woolf with Mrs. Dalloway.
- Ernest Hemingway with The Old Man and the Sea.

Experimental Styles:
- Bloom’s group challenged societal norms and focused on the simplicity in writing.
Notable Works:
- William Faulker’s As I Lay Dying.
- T.S. Eliot’s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.
- Langston Hughes’ works emphasizing African American experiences.

New Artistic Movements: Rapid developments every few years reflecting societal changes.
Key Figures in Abstract Art:
- Kazimir Malevich and Piet Mondrian promoting abstraction.
Dadaism and Surrealism: Innovators pushing against conventional norms, exemplified in works by Duchamp and Dali.
Modern Music Evolution: Transition from jazz and blues emerging from the African American experience, with influential figures like Louis Armstrong.

The intersection of historical events, economical shifts, cultural evolutions and philosophical thinking created a complex landscape shaping much of the 20th century.