Classification and extra


  • Phonetic Variation:

    • Speakers use /t/ after unvoiced final sounds.

    • Speakers use /d/ after voiced final sounds.

Transcription of Connected Speech

  • Assessment Techniques:

    • Use of DEAP (Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology)

      • Activity: Show 3 pictures and ask the child to describe what is happening.

      • Useful for comparing present words in single-word tests.

      • Explores how children articulate in singular vs. connected sentences.

    • The Rainbow Passage:

      • Commonly used with adults.

      • Samples all sounds found in Standard Australian English.

    • Peter and the Cat:

      • Used for narrative assessments.

Typical Development of Speech Sounds

  • Development Stages:

    • Begins pre-linguistically through various stages:

      1. Auditory Discrimination:

        • Ability to hear differences between sounds.

      2. Preference for Native Language:

        • Recognizable patterns emerge, leading to crying or fussing.

      3. Cooing:

        • Nasalized posterior vowels and consonants, sustained vowels, and trills.

      4. Canonical Babbling (6-10 months):

        • Involves production of adult-like syllables.

          • Reduplicated Babbling: Exact same CVC sequence repeated (e.g., mam mam mam).

          • Variegated Babbling: Variation in syllable sequences.

    • First Words:

      • Linked semantic representation to motor output.

      • Learned on a word-by-word basis.

      • Resonant Productions: Fully transcribable forms including vowels, consonants, canonical babbling, and true words.

Psycholinguistic Model: Lexical Restructuring

  • Speech sound development emerges as the lexicon expands.

  • More specified speech sound development storage becomes available.

  • Cited Authors: Caroline Bowen, McLeod, and Bleile.

Phonology and Phonetics

  • Phonology:

    • The study of speech sounds and their organization.

  • Phonetics:

    • The study of speech sounds at the level of articulation.

  • Purpose of Classifying Speech Sound Disorders:

    • Identifying areas of deficit/impairment.

    • Assisting in selecting treatment targets.

    • Measuring change over time.

    • Cited Author: Shriberg.

Classifications of Speech Sound Disorders (Dodd, 2014)

  • Articulation Disorder (10%):

    • Production of perceptually inaccurate phones.

  • Phonetic Disorder:

    • Substitutions or distortions produced consistently across contexts; could be organic or of unknown cause.

  • Delayed Phonological Acquisition (60%):

    • All error patterns occur that are atypical for child's age but are part of normal development.

  • Consistent Speech Disorder (20%):

    • At least one atypical error pattern in phonological acquisition; often has delayed patterns too.

  • Inconsistent Speech Disorder (10%):

    • Inconsistent production of the same lexical items in identical phonetic contexts leading to multiple error forms.

  • Childhood Apraxia of Speech:

    • Rare disorder affecting strengths and weaknesses in input/output processing and cognitive-linguistic impairments.