Unit 5 History Test
Issue #1: North v. South
North
South
Industrialized
Agricultural Plantation-Based
Immigrant Labor
Enslaved labor
Needed South for Cotton
Needed North for manufactured goods
Issue #2: The Mexican Cession Territory
Issue #2: The Mexican Cession Territory
The Mexican Cession Territory created a new question: Will it be free or slave?
The North wanted to prohibit slavery from expanding into the western/cession territories.
The South said that slave ownership was a constitutionally protected right. They believed it was up to the people or territorial legislature to regulate slavery, not the federal government. (It’s a states’ rights issue).
Н HISTORY
Issue #2: The Mexican Cession Territory - The Compromise of 1850
What it did: Dealt with the issue of slavery in the Mexican Cession Territory.
Written by Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser) -- he died before it could be passed through Congress, so Stephen Douglas (Senator from Illinois) was responsible for getting it passed.
What it included:
1. Admitted California as a free state
2. Slavery in the Utah and New Mexico territories would be
determined by the people living there.
3. Included the Fugitive Slave Act.
4. Banned the slave trade in Washington D.C. but NOT
slavery. (Could not buy and sell enslaved people in DC).
Where was the following paragraph found?
No person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.
If this was in the Constitution, why did the Congress feel the need to pass the Fugitive Slave Act?
Issue #3: The Fugitive Slave Act (1850)
Created to keep the South happy and return “runaway” slaves to their “owners”.
Key Points:
1. Accused runaway enslaved people did not have a right to a trial by jury.
2. Magistrates (judges) were paid more to find in favor of a slave master.
3. Only required evidence that a person was a runaway slave was the
testimony of a “slave master”.
4. Forced local police to assist in the arrest and recovery of “fugitive slaves”
in Northern free states -- basically saying that Northern State laws don’t
matter.
5. Hiding or helping a runaway slave was punishable by up to 1000 dollars
and time in jail.
https://www.pbs.org/video/american-experience-fugitive-slave-act/
Issue #3: Fugitive Slave Act - Impact
Northern People
1. Created more abolitionists because Northerners were angry that they were basically being forced to enforce slavery -- even when it was illegal in their own states.
2. Northerners refused to obey, threatened slave catchers, and rescued enslaved people from police stations.
3. The South was so outraged at the Northerner’s anger that they threatened to secede again in 1851.
https://www.pbs.org/video/american-experience-uncle-toms-cabin/
Issue #3: FSA Impact- Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe from Cincinnati, OH and moved to Brunswick Maine.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a fictional novel based on real stories from enslaved people escaping via the Underground Railroad.
The book was so popular that over 300,000 copies were sold in the US, 1 million copies were sold abroad, and the book was banned in the South.
Southerners claimed that Stowe was lying and exaggerating but the book educated many northerners about the horrors of slavery.
This led to more abolitionist sentiment in the North and more tension between North and South.
Take-Aways
What are 3 takeaways from this video?
On your notecard, answer the following questions:
1. Why was the Mexican Cession considered a cause of the Civil War?
2. What was the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850?
3. How did Northerners react to the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850 and what did Southerners threaten to do?
4. Why is Uncle Tom’s Cabin considered a cause of the Civil War?
Issue #4: The Kansas Territory
Background: Stephen Douglas, a Senator from Illinois wanted to build a transcontinental railroad with a stop in Chicago. First he had to get the Nebraska and Kansas Territories organized to build the Railroad -- which meant that the issue of slavery in these territories would have to be addressed.
Issue #4: The Kansas-Nebraska Act
1. Whether the new territories would be free or slave should be
decided by popular sovereignty for the new territories of
Kansas and Nebraska.
a. Political power belongs to the people and the people decide whether or not to allow slavery in the territory in which they live.
2. It repealed the Missouri Compromise (which would have required both Kansas and Nebraska to be free).
Video Takeaways on your notecard
What are 5 things you learned in this video?
Issue #4: The Kansas-Nebraska Act - Impact
1. It weakened the Democratic Party who split between those who supported the Act and those who did not.
2. Killed the Whig Party who split between Conscience Whigs who opposed slavery for moral reasons and Cotton Whigs who supported slavery because cotton was important for Northern factories and for Plantation owners.
3. Led to the creation of the Republican Party.
a. Included Conscience Whigs, Northern Democrats who opposed the Kansas
Nebraska Act, and the Free-Soil Party 4. Bleeding Kansas
Issue #5: Bleeding Kansas
1. The Kansas-Nebraska Act led to a violent
competition between free-soilers/abolitionists and pro-slavery groups to settle in the Kansas Territory.
a. This led to a horrific civil war in Kansas famously called Bleeding Kansas. This war continued until 1865.
Issue #5: Bleeding Kansas - Popular Sovereignty
1. Voters elect a legislature (like a state Congress) that would pass laws for or against slavery.
2. Before the territory could become a state, it had to have a constitution that is first written by a convention elected by the people and then approved by the people of the state.
3. This constitution would write out whether the new state would be a free or slave state. Whoever (whichever group -- free-soil or pro-slavery) controlled the territory controlled the writing of the constitution.
Issue #5: Bleeding Kansas-1855 Kansas Elections
In 1855, Kansas held its first election and through fraud and intimidation, the pro-slavery faction won control of the territorial government (even though more free soil people lived in Kansas). The “official” pro-slavery government of Kansas was located in LeCompton, Kansas.
Free-soilers disagreed with this election and formed their own government in Topeka, Kansas.
Issue #5: Bleeding Kansas - Sack of Lawrence
President Pierce accused the Topeka government of being rebels, so the “official” LeCompton government tried to charge the leaders of the Topeka government with treason.
A pro-slavery sheriff took 800 men to arrest the free-soil politicians and then destroyed the town of Lawrence (where they lived).
This caused northerners to view pro-slavery advocates as barbarians and influenced the actions of John Brown.
Ken Burns Civil War Clip
Issue #5: Bleeding Kansas-“Crime Against Kansas”
Charles Sumner, Andrew Butler, and Preston Brooks...
This incident increased tension between North and South and encouraged John Brown to act against pro-slavery forces in Kansas.
Issue #5: Bleeding Kansas - Pottawatomie Creek Massacre
Led by John Brown, a radical abolitionist who moved to Kansas because he believed it was his God-given duty to fight against slavery -- with whatever means necessary.
He was angry about the sack of Lawrence and the beating of Charles Sumner.
He and his sons hacked to death 5 pro-slavery settlers living along the Pottawatomie Creek in Kansas.
This started the Kansas Civil War.
Pottawatomie Video Clip
Kill every...abolitionist in the
territory...”
Missouri Senator Atchison
I never lie down without taking the precaution to fasten my door and fix it in such a way that if it is forced open, it can be opened only wide enough for one person to come in at a time. I have my rifle, revolver, and old homestocked pistol where I can lay my hand on them in an instant, besides a hatchet and an axe...Abolitionists, who never make an attack in open daylight, and no Proslavery men knows when he is safe in this territory.”
South Carolinian living in Kansas in a letter to his sister
Issue #6: The 1856 Presidential Election
Democrats nominated James Buchanan over the current president (Franklin Pierce) because Buchanan was out of the country during the whole Kansas-Nebraska debacle and was “untainted” by it all.
He always avoided the topic of “popular sovereignty”.
Buchanan crushed his Republican opponent and made it his goal to avoid Civil War while he was President.
Buchanan’s Views on Popular Sovereignty
“...nothing can be fairer than to leave the people of a Territory free from all foreign interference to decide their own destiny for themselves, subject only to the Constitution of the United States. The whole Territorial question being thus settled upon the principle of popular sovereignty -- a principle as ancient as free government itself...”
-President Buchanan’s Inaugural Address, 1857
Directions
1. Go to Google Classroom
2. Open Dred Scott assignment and answer the questions on a sheet of
paper.
Issue #7: The Dred Scott Decision (1857)
Background: Dred Scott v. Sanford Ruling:
1. Black people whose ancestors were slaves were not citizens of the United States.
2. The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.
3. Popular Sovereignty was unconstitutional.
4. Enslaved people were considered property
and Congress was not allowed to deprive people of their property as a violation of the 5th Amendment (due process)
Issue #7: Dred Scott Impact
1. Huge setback to the abolition movement because all the territories were not open to slavery (did this also impact Northern free states)?
2. No longer possible to stop slavery by passing laws.
3. Took American citizenship away from free black people because their
ancestors were brought to the country as slaves (and how could they
prove otherwise?).
4. Deep division between North and South.
Issue #8: The Raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia
Planned by John Brown to seize the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, rally the enslaved people in the area, and attack slave owners in the area and lead a major slave revolt.
He received financial backing from Northern abolitionists.
Issue #8: The Raid on Harpers Ferry
Brown and his men did seize the arsenal but then were stopped by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines after a tense battle.
Brown was captured and convicted of treason and hanged.
Even deeper division between North and South. Southerners were convinced that Northerners would stop at nothing to attack their “way of life”.
Southerners called Brown a terrorist and abolitionists called him a martyr.
Bell Ringer
1. Why did the Kansas-Nebraska Act cause such violence in the Kansas Territory?
2. How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act contribute to the Civil War?
3. Why do some historians consider John Brown the most important figure
in causing the war?
4. Why was the Dred Scott decision a setback for the abolition movement (2
reasons)?
Issue #9: Abraham Lincoln
Show video
Issue #9: Abraham Lincoln - Views on Slavery
1. Leading into the Civil War, Lincoln was a free-soiler.
2. Slavery was evil, however he did not believe that African Americans were equal to white Americans -- a view challenged by men such as Frederick Douglass who became one of Lincoln’s advisers and friends.
Issue #9: Abraham Lincoln - “House Divided”
In 1858, Lincoln accepted the Republican nomination to run against Stephen Douglas for the Illinois State Senate seat.
During his campaign he gave what came to be called the “House Divided Speech” in response to the division caused by Kansas Nebraska
On a Group Paper:
“A House divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved -- I do not expect the house to fall -- but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become ALL one thing or ALL the other.
Discuss with your neighbor and answer the following questions on 1 sheet of paper:
1. What does he mean?
2. Why might southerners be alarmed about this speech?
Issue #9: Abraham Lincoln -- “House Divided” Impact
1. Southerners questions Lincoln’s views on slavery. Was he a free-soiler or a secret abolitionist? They would never trust him again...Which...
2. Had a big impact on what happened when Lincoln was elected president in 1860.
Issue #9: Abraham Lincoln - Lincoln Douglas Debates
These were seven debates between Lincoln and Douglas which mostly focused on the Kansas-Nebraska/Slavery issue. The second debate in Freeport, IL became the most important
● Lincoln challenged Douglas on popular sovereignty because the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional
● Douglas issued his Freeport Doctrine.
The Freeport Doctrine
Lincoln asked, “Could the settlers of a territory vote to exclude slavery before the territory became a state?”
Douglas responded:
“Slavery cannot exist a day or an hour anywhere unless it is supported by the local police regulations. These police regulations can only be established by the local legislature, and if the people are opposed to slavery, they will elect representatives to that body who will by unfriendly legislation...prevent the introduction of it into their midst.”
On that sheet of paper: How does Douglas say that settlers in a territory can exclude slavery (remember, they can’t make any laws banning slavery)?
Issue #9: Lincoln - Lincoln-Douglas Debates
1. Lincoln gained national attention.
2. Douglas lost a lot of southern
support.
3. May have been a contributing factor
in Douglas’ loss in the 1860
Presidential Election.
4. First debate to be “broadcast” across
the nation due to the invention of the telegraph and the railroad.
Issue #10: The 1860 Presidential Election
The 1860 Election had Three different Parties and four candidates.
The Democrat Party Split between North and South.
● Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas who supported popular sovereignty...
● Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckenridge who supported slavery and its expansion.
Issue #10: The 1860 Presidential Election
A new party broke away from the Democrats: The Constitution Union Party and they nominated John Bell -- a moderate slaveholder whose goal was to keep the Union united.
The Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln -- a moderate free-soil candidate.
Issue #10: The 1860 Presidential Election
1. How many Electoral College votes did Abraham Lincoln win from the South?
2. How much of the popular vote did Lincoln win?
3. What does this tell us about the South’s political power?
4. How many EC votes did all of the other men get combined?
Issue #10: Election and Lincoln’s Victory
Lincoln received 40% of the popular vote and 0 Electoral College votes from the South.
Southern states already threatened to secede from the Union if Lincoln won (they hoped the threat would change the election results).
Secession began on December 20, 1860 when South Carolina became the first state to secede. (Lincoln wasn’t even president yet!)
Issue #10: Election - The Southern States
1. Created the Confederate States of America and elected Jefferson Davis as President.
2. President Buchanan declared secession illegal but ultimately did nothing.
3. The Confederate States of American Declaration of the Immediate Causes
Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union declared that the protection of slavery was their reason for seceding from the Union.
Confederate States of America
“Those states (non-slaveholding States) have...denied the rights of property established in fifteen of the States and recognized by the Constitution; they have denounced as sinful the institution of slavery; they have permitted open establishment among them of socities, whose avowed object is to disturb the peace and to eloign the property of the citizens of other States. They have encouraged and assisted thousands of our slaves to leave their homes; and those who remain, have been incited by emissaries, books and pictures to servile insurrection.
EXPANDING: TEXAS AND MEXICO
HOW DID THE ANNEXATION OF TEXAS AND THE LAND GAINED FROM THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR CONTRIBUTE TO DIVISION IN THE NATION?
UNDERSTANDING “MANIFEST DESTINY”
“[it is our] Manifest Destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.”
•Term coined by John L. O’Sullivan in 1845 to describe the idea that it was God’s will that the United States continue across North America (Ocean to Ocean)
•What issues might arise due to this idea? John Gast, Manifest Destiny, painting 1872, retrieved 12/4/2015 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:American_progress.JPG
MANIFEST DESTINY: TEXAS
AMERICANS MOVE INTO TEXAS
• In the 1820s, Mexico wanted more people to settle in Texas. They couldn’t convince Mexicans to move there, so they invited Americans to move there by giving land grants to men who brought people with them.
• Americans (with dreams of cotton) flooded into Texas.
– Must surrender their American citizenship and convert to Catholicism
ON A 1⁄2 SHEET OF PAPER OR NOTE CARD
•3 things you learned from the video
TENSIONS AND DISTRUST:
U.S. VS. MEXICO
•1827: U.S. offered $1 million to Mexico for TX and the offer was refused – Mexico becomes suspicious of the United States
•1829: Mexico banned slavery in all of its territories and American settlers in TX protested the ban successfully
– Mexico did not like this independent streak and American dominance in Texas
•1829: Spain invades Mexico and Mexicans successfully repelled the invasion – more confidence for Mexico and their new leader, Santa Anna
TENSIONS INCREASE
• 1830
– Mexico bans American immigration into TX
(immigration ignored)
– Tariffs placed on imports from the United States (Americans in TX ignore and smuggle)
– Banned importation of slaves
• Mexico sends troops to enforce the
immigration policies and tariffs
• 1832: Protests take a bloody turn and protestors get into a skirmish with Mexican soldiers who then surrendered.
TENSIONS INCREASE
• 1833: Santa Anna is elected president of Mexico and abolishes the constitution and brutally suppresses opposition
• Americans in TX protest by refusing to pay taxes to Santa Anna’s government until he reinstated the Mexican Constitution
OCTOBER 2, 1835: BATTLE OF GONZALEZ
• The Battle of Gonzalez is known as the “Lexington of Texas” because it was the first unofficial battle of the Texan War for Independence.
• It also led to the founding of a new Texan government and army led by Sam Houston.
DECEMBER 1835: CAPTURE OF SAN ANTONIO
• Texans captured San Antonio
• Took up residence in a fort called The Alamo and grew to a force of 150 Texas militiamen in addition to some Americans who came for a good fight.
• This, understandably, made Santa Anna pretty upset.
FEBRUARY 1836: THE ALAMO
• Texans took up a defensive position in the Alamo which was shortly surrounded by Santa Anna and Mexican troops who ordered the Texans to surrender
• Texans held for 12 days while the Mexicans blasted the walls of the Alamo and then poured in
• Mexican forces killed almost everybody in the fort at the time of the battle (nearly 200) and then executed the rest of the prisoners of war 2 weeks later.
• Significance: Texas declared its independence from Mexico
MARCH-APRIL 1836
•Sam Houston allowed Santa Anna to make mistakes and ambushed him at the San Jacinto River.
•Houston captured 700 soldiers – including Santa Anna – ending the war
•TX was now independent
APRIL 1836: TREATIES OF VELASCO
• Signed between the United States government and Santa Anna
• Recognized Texas as an independent nation and created the southernmost boundary at the Rio Grande River.
• Two problems:
– 1. The southern boundary between Texas and Mexico had always been the Nuece River (further East)
– 2. The new Mexican government did not consider Santa Anna to be the president at the time of the treaty – therefore, they believed the treaty was invalid
ANNEXING TEXAS – BEGINS 1836
• Annexation: Appropriation/occupation of territory through political means
• Sam Houston was the first president of Texas and supported the idea of the annexation of Texas by the United States.
• The idea of Manifest Destiny drove many to desire the annexation of Texas
– “Texas will be annexed...and not only Texas, but every inch of land on this continent. Our republic is to be an ocean bound Republic. Providence intended this western hemisphere to be an asylum for the oppressed, and that our institutions should be their guardians.” –Ohio Democratic Congressmen A.P. Stone (1845)
ANNEXATION ARGUMENTS
PRO-ANNEXATION
• Southerners – TX would be a slave state giving Southerners more power in Congress
• Texans
• Sam Houston – because of
TX debt
• Manifest Destiny
• Both Whigs and Democrats
ANTI-ANNEXATION
• Northerners – TX would be a slave state giving Northerners LESS power in Congress
• Strict Constructionists – Constitution does not say that the federal government could admit independent, sovereign nations in the United States
• Fiscal Conservatives (don’t spend money) – TX has debt
• People who did not want war with Mexico
ANNEXATION: THE PRESIDENTS
Jackson (Democrat) 1830-1836
Van Buren (Democrat) 1837-1841
William Henry Harrison
(Whig) 1841
John Tyler (Whig) 1841-1845
• Feared war with Mexico – maintain neutrality • Diplomatic recognition to TX (1836)
• He had massive economic issues to deal with – TX wasn’t on his radar
• Died...so....who knows
• Got the ball rolling at the end of his presidency and signed a joint resolution of Congress into law to annex Texas
• He signed it 3 days before he left office because he did not want the incoming President, Democrat James K. Polk, to get the credit
THE LONE STAR STATE – FEBRUARY 19, 1846
•Texas officially became part of the United States of America February 19, 1846
•Anson Jones was the last president of the Republic of Texas
•Texas is the only state that was first a nation (1836-1846)
MEXICAN-AMERICA N WAR
MEXICO’S RESPONSE TO TEXAS ANNEXATION
•They never recognized Texan independence, so they believed the United States stole Texas from them.
– Additionally, Mexico argued that the southern border of Texas was the Nuece River while the United States argued that it was the Rio Grande River
•They cut off all diplomatic relations with the United States.
PRESIDENT POLK (1845-1849) – “FIFTY-FOUR FORTY OR FIGHT!”
• Democratic President James K. Polk was a strong believer in Manifest Destiny and ran on the slogan, “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!”
• He was determined to take all of the Oregon Country UP TO 54*50’N parallel
– California, Nevada, Utah, part of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming – all of which belonged to Mexico.
QUESTION
•Does Polk’s desire to have this land give him the justification he needs to go to war – one that would
be considered just?
LEADING TO WAR WITH MEXICO
•Mexicans were angry about Texan annexation •Disputed Territory
– Treaty of Velasco recognized the Rio Grande as the Southernmost border of Texas, not the Nuece
• Ie., the United States said the boundary was the Rio Grande and Mexico said the boundary was the Nuece River
•Money Disputes
– Polk told the Mexican government that Mexico owed Texans millions of dollars for loss of life and property from the Texan War for Independence
MONEY DISPUTE: SLIDELL’S TRIP (FALL 1845)
• President Polk sent Representative John Slidell to Mexico with a message:
– We will cancel $3 million of the Mexican debt for recognition of the Rio Grande as the southern boundary of the United States
– We will pay $30 million to buy New Mexico and California
• Problem: Mexico was experiencing political instability and did not send anybody to meet with Slidell
• Slidell took this as an insult and encouraged Polk to “punish” Mexico
QUESTION
•Is being embarrassed, rejected, or insulted by another country a good reason to go to war?
WAR BEGINS – FALL 1845
• President Polk sent General Zachary Taylor into the disputed territory between the Nuece and Rio Grande Rivers with orders to take the territory.
• Mexico responded by sending soldiers into the territory on April 24, 1846.
• A fight broke out and 11 Americans were killed.
“
Hostilities may now be considered as commenced.
”
General Taylor to President Polk
“(MEXICANS) HAVE INVADED OUR TERRITORY AND SHED THE BLOOD OF OUR FELLOW CITIZENS ON OUR OWN SOIL.”
Polk
DECLARATION OF WAR: MAY 13, 1846
• Most historians believe that Polk purposefully incited the attack by the Mexicans in order to have a justification for War.
“
“We have not one particle of right to be here. It looks as if the government sent a
small force on purpose to bring a war, so as to have a pretext for taking California and
”
as much of this country as it chooses.”
~U.S. Army Officer in his diary
Opposition
OPPOSITION TO WAR
•Whigs did not support this war
–This was not a just war – it was an engineered war
–This was a war for territorial expansion – Polk is trying to build an empire
–The territory was NOT U.S. Territory – it was disputed territory
–This was a war to spread slavery
“
If he can not, or will not do this, then I am fully convinced, of what I more than suspect
already, that he is deeply conscious of being
in the wrong – that he feels the blood of this
war, like the blood of Abel, is crying to Heaven ” against him.
Abraham Lincoln (Whig) who introduced a resolution to demand that Polk provide proof that American blood was shed on American soil.
“
That government is best which governs not at all...Witness the present Mexican-American War, the work of comparatively few individuals using government as their tool
Henry David Thoreau – “Civil Disobedience”
Refused to pay his taxes since he believed they were paying for the war and he was put in jail
”
HIGHLIGHTS
• September 1846: United States gains access to Mexico through a blockade
• January 1847: California is captured by the United States
• Vera Cruz 1847: First ever U.S. amphibious landing led by General Winfield Scott – U.S. victory
• August-September 1847: Capt. Robert E. Lee and General Winfield Scott capture Mexico City and Santa Ann surrenders.
TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO: FEB. 1848 – THE COMPLETION OF MANIFEST DESTINY
•Rio Grande was established as the southernmost border of TX
•Mexican Cession: Mexico gave up all of California and New Mexico and territory in present-day Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming
•U.S. gave the Mexican government $15 million
“
This is no war of defense, but one of unnecessary and offensive aggression. It is Mexico that is defending her firesides...not we.
Henry Clay, speech November 13, 1847
”
NEW ISSUES...
•What land did the Missouri Compromise cover?
•What were we going to do with new lands (slave or free?) •How is this going to be decided???
The Civil War: Preparations
What were the strengths, weaknesses, and strategies for the Union and Confederacy?
Northern Strengths
Southern Strengths
Established Government
Cotton to trade with Europe for weapons and manufactured goods
Standing Army
Motivated Soldiers
Industrialized
Home Field Advantage
Navy Yards and Ships
MIlitary Leadership (7 military colleges in the South and the best generals
Industrialized
Northern Weaknesses
Southern Weaknesses
Food supply problems
Small male population
Fighting in “foreign” terrain
1⁄2 of the male population was enslaved
Rich men could buy their way out of the war
Very little manufacturing
Had to bring the South back into the Union
Not enough food or clothing
Severe inflation
Strategies of Warfare: North
The North had two main focuses to win the war:
1. Maintain the Border states (Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and later West Virginia)
2. Surround and crush the Confederacy
Northern Strategy 1: Maintain the Border States - Maryland
1. It is the northern state border to Washington D.C.
2. How Lincoln Kept them in the Union
a. Shut down their secessionist newspapers and jailed and banished the editors.
b. Placed Maryland under Martial Law.
c. Suspended Habeas Corpus (you might want to define this in your notes)
i. Later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court (1861)
ii. Lincoln used Article I, Section 9 of the Constitution to justify this
action
d. Supervised the 1861 state elections to make sure only pro-Union people
were elected
Northern Strategy: Maintain the Border States - Missouri
1. Missouri controlled the lower half of the Mississippi River
2. One of the most divided states.
3. Why they stayed in the Union
a. Same tactics as used in Maryland.
b. Pro-Union people were elected to state government.
Northern Strategy: Maintain the Border States - Kentucky
1. The Ohio River borders Kentucky to the North -- if the Union lost control of this river, the North would be open to invasion - and the South would have access to the Mississippi River (add this point in).
2. Why they stayed in the Union
a. After proclaiming their neutrality, Confederate troops entered their
state in September 1861.
b. Basically -- they got mad that the Confederacy violated their
neutrality.
Northern Strategy: The Anaconda Plan
1. Block Southern ports to stop southern cotton from getting to Europe and to stop European guns from getting to the South.
2. Take Control of the Mississippi River to cut the Confederacy in half.
3. Use the Mississippi River and coastal waterways to get gunboats into the Deep South.
4. Attack from the West (coming down from Western territories and using the Mississippi River).
Southern Strategy: War of Attrition
1. If the US wants to keep the Southern States in the Union, they have to come and get them.
2. Force the Union to fight in the South. Why?
BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR
MAJOR BATTLES/DOCUMENTS OF
THE CIVIL WAR
▪ Fort Sumter
▪ First Battle of Bull Run
▪ Battle of Shiloh
▪ Battle of Antietam
▪ Emancipation Proclamation ▪ Battle of Fredericksburg
▪ Battle of Chancellorsville
▪ Siege of Vicksburg
▪ Gettysburg
▪ Gettysburg Address
▪ Siege of Atlanta
▪
FORT SUMTER: APRIL 12-14, 1861
▪ Confederates led by Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard
▪ Union led by Maj. Robert Anderson
▪ Significance: Led to the secession of the rest of the Southern States (besides the border states)
▪ Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas
FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN (MANASSAS): JULY 21, 1861
▪ Confederate General: P.G.T. Beauregard
▪ Union Gen. Irvin McDowell
▪ Significance:
▪ Union suffered a surprising loss
▪ Stonewall Jackson becomes a hero
▪ Creation of the “rebel yell”
▪ First major battle of the war and put to rest the idea it would be a quick war
▪ Union realized the South was a formidable force
▪ Casualties
▪ Union: 3000
▪ Confederacy: 2,000
BATTLE OF SHILOH: APRIL 16, 1862
▪ This is part of the Western part of the war in Shiloh Church, TN
▪ Confederate General: Albert Sidney Johnston
▪ Union General: Ulysses S. Grant
▪ Significance:
▪ Forced the Confederates to retreat back into Mississippi and out of TN
▪ Bloodiest Battle of the Civil War (20,000 casualties with 3,477 dead)
▪ Grant now believes the South must be completely conquered and forced to surrender unconditionally
“The scenes on this field would have cured anybody of war.”
General William Tecumseh Sherman
BATTLE OF ANTIETAM: SEPTEMBER 17, 1862
▪ Union General: George C. McClellan
▪ Confederate General: Robert E. Lee
▪ This battle took place on the banks of Antietam Creek in Maryland and the Confederates lost.
▪ Significance:
▪ This was the bloodiest battle of the war with over 6000
KIA in one day and 22,000 missing or wounded.
▪ It stopped the Southern advance into the North.
▪ Lincoln ordered McClellan to give chase to Lee and his forces and McClellan did not. Lincoln fired McClellan as the General of the Army of the Potomac.
▪ This victory also gave the momentum for Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
BATTLE OF
FREDERICKSBURG:
DECEMBER 11-15, 1862
▪ Confederate General: Robert E. Lee
▪ Union General: General Ambrose Burnside (replaced McClellan)
▪ Took place in Fredericksburg, VA and was an absolute Union slaughter.
▪ Significance:
▪ The North began to lose hope in winning the war and people began calling for peace and to let the South go.
▪ “If there is a worse place than hell, I am in it.” ~Lincoln
▪ Along with the battle of Chancellorsville, set the stage for Lee’s invasion of Pennsylvania
THE SIEGE OF VICKSBURG, MAY-JULY 4, 1863
▪ Union General: Ulysses S. Grant
▪ Confederate General: John C. Pemberton
▪ This took place in Vicksburg, Mississippi (back to the Western front)
▪ Significance:
▪ Along with Gettysburg (being fought at the same time), this was a turning point in the war in favor of the Union.
▪ The Union now had complete control of the Mississippi River which cut the Confederacy in half and hurt the South economically
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, JULY 1-3, 1863
▪ Confederate General: Robert E. Lee
▪ Union General: George Meade
▪ Took place in Gettysburg, PA over the course of 3 days
▪ Significance:
▪ The worst battle of the entire war with 51,000
total casualties
▪ Along with the fall of Vicksburg, marked a turning point of the war in favor of the Union.
▪ Marked Lee’s last attempt to invade the North.
1864
▪ Ulysses S. Grant was made commander of the Union forces after the Battle of Gettysburg and Meade was “demoted” to being just the General of the Army of the Potomac
▪ Grant was not afraid of casualties and a series of very bloody battles ensued in Virginia (Cold Harbor, Spotsylvania) with victories going back and forth – earning Grant the title of being a butcher (Mary Todd Lincoln was no fan).
▪ Grant decided to use his superior numbers and attack everywhere he possibly could
▪ Things were not going well...and there’s a presidential election coming up...
BATTLE OF LYNCHBURG, JUNE 17-18, 1864
▪ Union General: David Hunter
▪ Confederate General: Jubal Early
This was part of the Shenandoah Campaign initiated by the Union in order to protect Richmond’s supply lines from the West and protect Washington D.C.
Goal: Wreck the railroad in Staunton, attack Lexington (where the Union looted and vandalized the city including Washington and Lee and burned Gov. John Letcher’s house), and then destroy the railroads and industry in Lynchburg.
The Union lost – Jubal Early successfully defended Lynchburg and it left the Shenandoah Valley open to the Confederates who could use it to get to D.C....which was ALMOST taken!
Casualties: 901 men
SIEGE OF ATLANTA: JULY – SEPT. 2, 1864
▪ Union General: William Tecumseh Sherman
▪ Confederate General: Joseph E. Johnston and then
John Bell Hood ▪ Significance:
▪ Ensured that Lincoln would be elected in 1864 with 55% of the popular vote and 91% of Electoral College (which meant the war would continue). This is why Mrs. Parker thinks this is the most important battle of the war. If Lincoln would have lost this election, the Union would have lost the war b/c his opponent was running on a campaign of ending the war and letting the Confederacy go.
▪ Atlanta was the “heart of the South” and its capture was demoralizing. Yet, the Confederacy refused surrender.
▪ Started Sherman’s March to the Sea.
“Resolved that the maintenance, inviolate of the rights of the States, and especially the right of each State to order and control its own domestic institutions according to its own judgment exclusively, is essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance of our political fabric depend; and we denounce the lawless invasion by armed force of the soil of any State or Territory, no matter what pretext, as among the gravest of crimes
...There is much controversy about the delivering up of fugitives from service or labor. The clause I now read is plainly written in the Constitution as any other of its provisions [he reads the Fugitive Slave Clause from the Constitution]...It is scarcely questioned that this provision was intended by those who made it for the reclaiming of what we call fugitive slaves...all members of Congress swear to support to the whole Constitution – to this provision as much as any other...”
1. What does Lincoln mean when he uses the term “domestic institutions”?
2. What does Lincoln say is the right of each State?
3. Who do you think Lincoln is referencing when he discusses “lawless invasion”?
4. What do you think he is trying to do in “denouncing the lawless invasion”?
5. Why does Lincoln quote the Constitution and what does he say is Congress’ duty?
“Both (North and South) read the same Bible, and pray to the same God; and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God’s assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men’s faces...”
1. In one sentence, put this in your own words (interpret it – what does it mean)?
2. What might Lincoln be implying about slavery?
3. How did Lincoln’s views regarding slavery as a whole (not just slavery spreading into the territories – but slavery in the entire US) seem to change between his First Inaugural Address in 1861 and his Second Inaugural Address in 1865?
LINCOLN’S FIRST
INAUGURAL ADDRESS,
MARCH 4, 1861
▪ “In doing this (preserving the Union) there needs to be no bloodshed or violence, and there
1. 2. 3.
shall be none unless it be forced upon the national authority.”
What is Lincoln saying about the preservation of the Union?
If it came to war, who does Lincoln imply would be at fault? According to this passage, what would be the purpose of the war?
1. 2. 3. 4.
▪
LINCOLN’S SECOND INAUGURAL
ADDRESS?
“’Woe unto the world because of offences! For it must needs be that offences come; but woe to that
man by whom the offence cometh!’ If we shall suppose that American Slavery is one of those offences which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South, this terrible war, as the woe due to those by whom offence came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a Living God always ascribe him?...Yet it God wills that it continue, until all wealth piled by the bond-man’s two-hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be repaid by another drawn with the sword.”
To what is offence is Lincoln referring?
Who is Lincoln saying brought this offence to America? Who is he saying is responsible for the war?
What is he saying about the divine purpose for the war?
How does Lincoln’s views about the cause of the war change from 1861-1865? How does Lincoln’s views about the fault of the war change from 1861-1865?
FROM ATLANTA TO
SAVANNAH, NOV. 15-DEC. 21,
1864
▪“We are not only fighting hostile armies,
but a hostile people, and must make young and old, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war.” ~Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman
ATLANTA TO SAVANNAH
▪Sherman wanted to break the spirit of the people in the Confederacy who, even after Atlanta, were still committed.
▪He and his men destroyed and looted everything from Atlanta to Savannah, GA instituting total war in an effort to bring the war to an end.
▪Significance: it worked. Confederate morale sank to new lows and it helped the Union to win the war.
SURRENDER: APRIL 9, 1865.
▪The campaigns in Virginia finally turned in favor of the Union who chased the Confederate Army to Richmond forcing its fall on April 3, 1865.
▪Confederate forces finally surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, VA on April 9, 1865. The war was finally over.
THE CIVIL WAR
What were the hardships both sides faced during the war and how were different groups affected by the war?
SOUTHERN HARDSHIPS
▪Food shortages and supply shortages ▪ Inflation
▪ Looting
▪Food riots
▪ Desertion
CONFEDERATE DRAFT
▪By April 1862, the Confederate Congress enacted the first draft in the history of the United States.
▪The draft was extremely unpopular because the Confederate States believed it was a states’ rights issue and that the Confederate government was taking too much power.
▪Most of those who fought ended up volunteering (better to volunteer than be voluntold)
NORTHERN HARDSHIPS
▪ Inflation: Working class had a hard time with this one because their wages didn’t rise as fast as prices.
▪ Introduction of the income tax (800.00 paid 3% yearly)
▪ Draft Riots
▪ Union draft began in March 1863 (aged 20-45) ▪ New York City Draft Riot
▪ Majority were Irish who were upset over the ability for the rich to pay their way out and over the Emancipation Proclamation (job competition and prejudice).
▪ Thousands rose up and beat up wealthy white men, killed dozens of African American men and women, and burned down an orphanage for African American children.
THE NORTHERN ANTI-WAR MOVEMENTS
▪ Lead by Copperheads (Peace Democrats) who called for the North to let the Confederacy go.
▪ They encouraged soldiers to desert, said they didn’t sign up for the Emancipation Proclamation.
▪ Big enough movement that it threatened Lincoln’s re-election changes and he thought he was going to lose.
▪ Significance
▪ Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus and had the critics jailed and arrested – a few were “exiled” to the Confederate States
THE END OF WAR
▪ Casualties: Somewhere between 680,000-800,000 dead
▪ New weapons of warfare – The First Modern Warfare
▪ Gatling Gun
▪ Rifle
▪ Hot Air Balloons
▪ The Hunley
▪ Ironclad ships
▪ First TOTAL war at this scale
▪ Photography brought the war to the civilian population for the first time
AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE WAR
▪ In 1861, Lincoln did not allow African Americans to enlist due to political fears and fears this would cause the border states to secede.
▪ He was pushed by Frederick Douglass to open up Union enlistment to African Americans.
▪ By 1862, former slaves were permitted to enlist in the Union military but did not typically serve in combat roles.
▪ Service
▪ 179,000 served
▪ 40,000 died (30,000 from infection and disease)
▪ Served in segregated units that were commanded by white officers (although 80 black men were eventually promoted into the officer ranks).
▪ Made up about 10% of the Union forces by the end of the war
AFRICAN AMERICANS IN WAR: UNION
▪ Units were segregated and commanded by white officers and were usually relegated to manual labor and sentry duty
▪ 54th Massachusetts Infantry distinguished themselves in battle (Glory)
▪ If caught in battle as a POW, they were treated horribly. Sometimes they were even massacred (Ft. Pillow)
AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE CONFEDERACY
▪Not allowed to join early in the war and those who ended up serving were not typically volunteers, but conscripts
▪It’s estimated between 3000-less than 10,000 may have served ▪ Volunteers often fought on the promise of freedom, but most were
forced into fighting.
▪ Volunteers and conscripts often surrendered as soon as they encountered Union troops.
WOMEN IN THE WAR
▪The same as in every war – spies, caretakers of the home and farm, some dressed up as men to fight.
▪Nursing became a profession open to women as they were desperately needed.
▪ Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton were famous nurses in the North (Clara Barton founded the Red Cross) and Sally Tomkins was famous in the South
▪Women also were influential in both writing for and dissenting against the war.
IMPROVEMENTS IN MEDICINE
▪ New attempts to improve medicine in the field to prevent deaths by infection and sickness
▪ The United States Sanitary Commission was created
▪ Provided nurses and ambulance drivers to the army
▪ Collected and gave out food, clothing, and medical supplies
▪ Inspected hospitals, army camps, and tried to fix sewage and hygiene issues to prevent disease and improve nutrition.
POW CAMPS
▪ After prisoner exchanges were abandoned in 1864, the size of the prison camps grew exponentially, and there weren’t enough resources.
▪ Overcrowding, malnutrition, lack of hygiene, no sewage control, epidemics (smallpox)
▪ 56,000 men would die in POW camps on both sides – both sides were equally awful.
▪ Andersonville prison in GA was perhaps the absolute worse of them all
CIVIL WAR POWS
▪ As we entered the place, a spectacle met our eyes that almost froze our blood with horror, and made our hearts fail within us. Before us were forms that had once been active and erect – stalwart men, now nothing but mere walking skeletons, covered with filth and vermin. Many of our men, in the heat and intensity of their feeling, exclaimed with earnestness, “Can this be hell? God protect us!” and all thought that He alone could bring them out alive from so terrible a place. In the center of the whole was a swamp, occupying about 3-4 acres of the narrowed limits, and a part of this marshy place had been used by prisoners as a sink, and excrement covered the ground, the scent arising from which was suffocating. The ground allotted to our 90 was near the edge of this plague-spot, and how we were to live through the warm summer weather in the midst of such fearful surroundings was more than we cared to think of just then.”
▪“I found the stockade extremely filthy; the men all huddled together and covered with vermin...I found [the hospital] almost as crowded as the stockade. The men were dying there very rapidly from scurvy...diarrhea and dysentery...They were not only covered with ordinary vermin but also maggots...they had nothing under them at all except the ground.”
ISSUES THAT WILL HAVE TO BE ADDRESSED
▪ Southern economy was completely destroyed, but the North saw some prosperity
▪ 20% of all southern males died in the war
▪ Southern infrastructure (roads, bridges, railroads) were
completely destroyed
▪ 4 million freed African Americans who needed employment (no money, uneducated, nowhere to work)
▪ How do we treat the former Confederate states?
▪ How are they readmitted? Who gets to make that decision?