609eca6f9b9577dbf6455213_SS-APHuG

5 Themes of Geography:

• Location: Relative and absolute (latitude & longitude).

• Place: Physical and human characteristics.

• Human-Environment Interaction: How humans interact with their environment.

• Movement: Mobility of people, goods, and ideas; accessibility & connectivity.

• Regions: Area with distinctive characteristics.

Physical vs. Human Geography:

• Physical: Topography, climate (Koppen), flora & fauna, soil.

• Human: Culture, population, economic activities, political systems, urban areas, agriculture.

4 Forms of Distortion in Maps:

• Shape

• Distance

• Direction

• Relative Size

Thematic Maps:

• Isoline Maps: Lines connect equal values (elevation, pressure, temperature).

• Choropleth Maps: Data represented by shading patterns or colours.

• Graduated Symbol Maps: Symbol size represents data intensity.

• Dot Maps: Dot quantity represents data frequency.

• Cartogram: Political unit size represents data value.

LACEMOPS (Factors Influencing Climate):

• L ~ Latitude: Distance from equator affects temperature.

• A ~ Air Masses: Cold from poles, hot from tropics (in Northern Hemisphere, opposite in Southern Hemisphere).

• C ~ Continentality: Inland areas have more extreme weather due to water's moderating effect.

• E ~ Elevation: Temperature decreases 3.5 degrees F per 1,000 ft increase.

• M ~ Mountain barriers: Windward side gets moisture, leeward side becomes desert.

• O ~ Ocean currents: Cold currents bring dry air, warm currents bring wet air.

• P ~ Pressure cells: High pressure = cold, heavy air; Low pressure = warm, light air. Air rises at equator, sinks at 30 degrees.

• S ~ Storms: Thunderstorms where polar and western air masses meet. Cyclones spin counter-clockwise in Northern Hemisphere, clockwise in Southern Hemisphere.

Deserts:

• Deserts are high pressure and dry.

Tropical Regions:

• Tropical regions are near the equator, low pressure, and have lots of precipitation.

Migration Patterns:

• Women migrate more within a country; men migrate more between countries.

• Most migrants are adults.

• Cities grow more by migration than natural increase.

• Migration increases with commerce and transportation.

• Major stream is rural to urban.

• Major explanation for migration is economic.

Map Projections:

• Goode’s interrupted/homolosine equal: Minimizes distortion by interruption.

• Conic: Accurate distance and direction in small areas.

• Planar projection: Accurate at center point, distorts edges.

• Mercator: Distorts shape and size, good for sea travel, maintains direction and distance.

• Robinson: Spreads distortion, proportional, poles are straight lines, poles are flat and too large.

• Gall-peters projection: Accurate size, inaccurate distances and shapes. Latitude and longitude are parallel

• Fuller Projection: Accurate size and shape, no cardinal directions.

• Winkel Tripel projection: Rounder, distortion near poles.

Economic Country Classifications:

• Primary: Resource extraction.

• Secondary: Manufacturing.

• Tertiary: Services.

• Quaternary: Information and management.

• MDC (Most Developed Countries): US, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe.

• NIC (Newly Industrialized Countries): China, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, South Africa, Turkey, Brazil, Mexico.

• LDC (Least Developed Countries): Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi.

Unit 1 Vocabulary:

• Cartography: Science of mapmaking (Eratosthenes, Ptolemy).

• Reference maps: Show geography without political data.

• Map scale: Detail level and area covered (e.g., 1:24,000, 1in = 1 mile).

• Scale: Relation of feature’s size on map to actual size.

  • Small scale: 1/1,000,000 (zoomed out)

  • Large scale: 1/25,000 (zoomed in)

• Scale of analysis: How data is organized (global, national, regional, local).

• Scale of inquiry: Best scale of analysis for a topic.

Distance:

• Absolute distance: Quantitative (miles, kilometres).

• Relative distance: Qualitative (20 min south).

Spatial Arrangement:

• Clustering: Objects close together.

• Dispersal: Objects spread out.

Coordinate Systems:

• Meridians: North-South, Prime Meridian (0 degrees longitude) to 180 degrees E/W.

• Parallels: Latitude, Equator (0 degrees latitude) to 90 degrees N/S.

• Time zones: 24, 360/24 = 15 degrees per time zone.

• Greenwich Mean Time (GMT): Prime Meridian time, reference for Earth.

• GPS: Absolute mathematical position using satellites.

• GIS: Computer system layering data.

Place:

• Site: Physical characteristics (climate, labor).

• Situation: Location relative to other places.

Regions:

• Formal region: Uniform, common trait, distinct boundaries (e.g., political, language, climate).

• Functional region: Nodal, center with outward diffusion (e.g., newspaper circulation, pizza delivery).

• Perceptual region: Vernacular, believed to exist due to cultural identity (e.g., Midwest).

Culture:

• What people care about (beliefs, values) and take care of (materials).

• Archipelago: Chain of islands (e.g., Japan).

Spatial Distribution:

• Density: Frequency of something.

• Concentration: Spread in space.

• Pattern: Arrangement.

Diffusion:

• Relocation diffusion: Spread through physical movement.

  • Small scale (pizza from Italy), Large scale (European culture in the 1500s)

• Expansion diffusion: Additive spread.

  • Hierarchical (through authority nodes).

  • Contagious (widespread, rapid).

  • Stimulus (underlying principle spreads; feature changes).

• Reverse hierarchical diffusion: Lower class to higher classes (e.g., hip hop).

• Distance decay: Effect decreases with distance.

Wallerstein’s Core-Periphery Model:

• Core countries: North America, Western Europe, Japan.

• Peripheral countries: Africa, Asia, Latin America.

• Semi-periphery countries: Argentina, China, Brazil, Mexico, Iran, Indonesia.

• International scale of analysis: Focuses on relations between countries.

• National scale of analysis: Focuses on change in a single country.

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth:

• 5 stages.

Space-Time Compression:

• Increased connectivity reduces distance decay.

Spatial Concepts:

• Pattern: Geometric arrangement.

• Space: Physical gap.

• Flow: Movement of people, goods, ideas, services.

Pillars of Stability (Sustainable Development):

• Environment pillar: Conservation over waste.

• Economy Pillar: Prices reflect environmental costs.

• Society Pillar: Sustainable needs for shelter, food, clothing.

Environmental Theories:

• Environmental determinism: Physical environment causes social development.

• Possibilism: People control environment (e.g., Netherlands polders, Florida draining Everglades).

Weather vs Climate:

• Weather: Daily atmosphere condition.

• Climate: Average weather over time.

Data:

• Qualitative data: Opinion-based.

• Census: Population count every 10 years.

Unit 2 Notes

• ⅔ of the population is in…

  • East asia - East China, Japan, Koreas, Taiwan

  • South asia - India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka

  • Southeast asia - Indonesia, Islands of Java, Philippines, and Malaysia

  • Europe - Monaco, Germany, France, over 4 dozen countries

• Site and situation of population clusters: Low-lying areas, fertile soil, temperate climate, near ocean/rivers with access to ocean

• Site and Situation of sparsely populated regions: Dry/wet/cold/high lands - Sahara, Amazon rainforest, northern Russia, Canada, North China, Mid China, too harsh for people to live and grow food

Demographic Transition Model (DMT):

• Stage 1: Low growth - very high birth and death rates, no long term natural increase, no countries present today

• Stage 2: High growth - rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates, high natural increase, Europe and North America entered stage 2 as result of the industrial revolution (1750); Africa, Asia, and Latin America entered stage 2 in 1950 because of the medical revolution (Ex: Nigeria, India, Congo)

• Stage 3: Moderate growth - rapid decline in birth rates, steady decline in death rates, natural increase is moderate, gap between CBR (crude birth rate) and CDR (crude death rate) is smaller; most European countries and North America transitioned to stage 3, during first half of twentieth century

• Stage 4: Low growth - very low birth and death rates, no longer term increase, possible decrease in population, (ZPG) - zero population growth, the only population change results from immigration (Ex: Canada)

• Possible Stage 5: Decline, low CBR, increasing CDR, more ederly than young, negative NIR (no increase in population), Russia had a negative NIR for past 50 years (Ex: japan, germany)

Epidemiologic Transition Model (ETM):

• Stage 1: pestilence and famine is the biggest factor (high CDR), more parasitic diseases (Ex: black plague)

• Stage 2: receding pandemics (rapidly declining CDR), industrial revolution improved medicine, nutrition, and sanitation (Ex: cholera pandemic in London)

• Stage 3: Degenerative diseases (Moderately declining CDP), decrease in death from infectious disease, increase in chronic disorders associated with aging (Ex: cardiovascular diseases, cancer)

• Stage 4: Composed of delayed degenerative diseases (with a low but increasing CDR), deaths caused more by cardiovascular illnesses and cancer, these are usually delayed because of modern medicine treatments

• Possible stage 5: the evolution of viruses gain resistance against vaccines, antibiotics cause new strains of bacteria to form, diseases more common in poverty, increased transportation causes spread of viruses and bacteria, healthcare also varies

Healthcare care systems in..

• Developed countries: Public service available at little or no cost, government pays for 70\%

• Developing countries: Individuals pay for over 50\%, exception - US, indv pay for 55\%$%

Declining Birth Rates are because of…

• Improving education and healthcare

• Contraception - This may go against religious/ cultural beliefs such as roman catholics, fundamentalist protestants, muslims, hindus.

Types of Population Policies:

• Pro-natalist/expansive: Encourages births, Ex: the USSR in 1944 gave awards to women for getting pregnant in order to increase fertility rate, Germany has cross of honor with the german mother on it, India uses family planning

• Anti-natalist/restrictive: Discourages births, Ex: Chinese had the Later, Longer, Fewer (fewer children, 2 kids allowed in cities, 3 in rural) policy and the one child policy (received rewards: free medical care, schooling, bonuses, etc.)(disobeying results in penalties: education and medical guarantees are withdrawn, wages reduced)

Ravenstein’s 11 Laws of Migration:

1) Most migrants only go a short distance
2) Migration proceeds step by step
3) Migrants going long distance prefer big cities
4) Each migration stream produces a compensation counter stream
5) Rural people are more migratory than urban
6) Women more migratory within a country; men more migratory between countries
7) Most migrants are adults since families are harder to transport and migrate less.
8) Large cities grow more by migration than natural increase
9) Migration increases in volumes as commerce develop and transportation improves
10) Majorstream of migration is rural to urban
11) The major cause of migration is economic.

3 Main Eras of US immigration:

• Colonial settlement in the 17th and 18th century, people from Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa.

• Mass European immigration in the late 19th and early 20th century, the beginning (19th cent) was mostly Northern and Western Europe immigrants; by the 20th century most immigrants were from South and East Europe.

• Asian and Latin American migration and integration during the late 20th and early 21st century.

Countries with largest land area:

• Russia, Canada, China, US, Brazil

United Nations High Commissions for Refugees recognizes three groups of forced political migrants:

• A refugee has been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to his or her life, and he or she cannot return for fear of persecution.

• An internally displaced person (IDP) is similar to a refugee, but he or she has not migrated across an international border.

• An asylum seeker is a migrant who is looking to be a refugee of another country.

Unit 2 Vocabulary:

• Ecumene: Places of permanent human settlement, only a little of the world, 5000 BC to 1900.

• Colonialism: An endeavor by one country to ascertain settlements and to impose its political, economical, and cultural principles in another territory.

• Imperialism: Effort by one country to determine settlements and to impose its political, economic and cultural principles on such territory.

• Carrying capacity: Number of individuals an environment can support.

• Agricultural density: Ratio of the quantity of famers to amount of arable land (farmers divided by arable land); the US and Canada have a smaller agricultural density than India and Bangladesh, shows amount and advancement of technology being employed, one person can produce more with better machines.

• Arithmetic density: Total number of objects in an area (total population divided by total land) easiest to get and most frequently used; how unfolded people are; HIGH - a lot of people but little land.

• Physiological density: Number of individuals to be supported by a unit of arable land (total population divided by arable land) shows what quantity food a rustic must produce per unit; us doesn't need to produce as much. Egypt puts more stress on the environment because most of the country is desert, with less arable land the physiological density is high, (higher density - more stress on land).

• Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Total number of live births for each 1,000 born.

• Crude Death Rate (CDR): Total number of deaths per 1,000 people.

• Natural increase rate (NIR): Curious about which population grows, CBR-CDR-NIR, (per 100 because it is a percentage, not per 1,000 people), average current NIR is 1.2\%$%; highest NIR is in South West Asia and Africa.

• Infant mortality rate (IMR): Annual number of infant (under 1 years old) deaths per 1,000.

• Total rate (TFR): Average number of kids a lady will have.

• Life expectancy: Average number of years a baby will live based off mortality rates

• Doubling time: The amount of time it takes for a single population to double in size.

• Dependency ratio: Number of individuals too old or too young to figure compared to the quantity that may (14 and younger and 65 and older); the larger the dependency ratio the more burden there's on the working population; Ex: 85\% Africa, 47\% Europe.

• Sex ratio: Number of males per 100 females, developed countries have more females which live longer.

  • A population model of male and females can show the culture of a state or a historical event.

• Malthus’(Malthusian) theory: The population is growing exponentially (geometrically), however, the food supply only increases arithmetically (linear).

• Neo-malthusians: Believe earth’s resources can only support a finite population, but they think about all resources not only food production.

• GDP per capita: Measure of a country's economic output that accounts for its number of individuals.

• Immigration: Permanent move to a different place.

• Emigration: Leaving an area as a part of permanent move.

• Migration: Temporary (possibly permanent) move from one place to another.

  • #1 reason to maneuver is to search out jobs

• Intervening obstacle: Environmental or cultural element that stops migration.

• Intervening opportunity: Cultural, economic, political, environmental factor that causes an individual to prevent migrating to their original destination.

• Critical distance: Distance beyond a person’s willingness to travel.

• Minority-majority: Minorities add up to be greater than majority.

• Gravity model: Greater pull in larger communities, bigger cities receive more immigrants.

• Step migration: Occurs little by little, migrants stop at places along the thanks to their final destination.

• Chain migration: Process within which legal immigrants may sponsor a loved one for immigration into the US.

• Intraregional migration: Movement within one region of a rustic.

• Xenophobia: Hatred of foreigners based on stereotypes, prejudice, and racism.

• Counterurbanization: Most prevalent in places rich with natural amenities; Ex: range of mountains States (Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming)

• Ethnocentrism: Judging another culture based on standards of one's own culture. (thinking theirs is better)

• Interregional migration: Movement from one region to a different region within the same country; Ex: Abundant land on the old american frontier, most jobs and services in are clustered urban areas.

• Interregional migration: Movement from one region to another region in the same country; Ex: Abundant of land on the old american frontier, most jobs and services in are clustered urban areas.

  • Russia: Interregional migration was encouraged by the government. The government built new factores and has other economic incentives for the current population to move.

  • Canada: Shares an identical east to west interregional migration pattern with the U.S. Three westernmost provinces are destinations for interregional migrants.

  • China: Around 100 million people have emigrated along the urban coast of China, where manufacturing is prevalent.

  • Brazil: Government moved its capital from Rio De Janeiro to Brasília (600 miles from Atlantic Coast) to encourage migration of residents living on the Atlantic coast to move to an interior location.

• Remittances: Money earned by immigrants to send back home.

• Brain drain: Loss of skilled educated workers.

• Largest number of refugees originated from Southwest Asia and sub-saharan Africa.

• Preference shown for specific employment placement and family reunification.

• Passing of the Quota Act in 1921 and the National Origins Act in 1924 by the U.S. Congress marked the start of restricted immigration to the U.S.

• Great Migration: Africans migrate to another state to flee discrimintation.

• Rust Belt: 1970’s US near the Great Lakes, stopped employing factory jobs so people would move south.

• Counter migration: Ex: United States citizens move to Mexico.

Unit 3 Notes

Folk Culture vs. Popular Culture

Barriers on Diffusion:

• Distance or physical barriers.

  • Distance is too far, Ex: diffusion of Buddhism from India is very slow due to the Himilayan Mountains

• Age barriers.

  • Older people are more resistant to new words or norms.

• Linguistic barriers.

  • When people don't speak the same language or words don't translate properly.

• Religious barriers.

  • When a religion has restrictions such as taboos.

• Political barriers.

  • Internet/media censorship in many countries like North Korea.

• Folk/local culture.

  • Traditional culture may reject implementation of new culture.

• Social class barriers.

  • Many have limited access to technology causing less exposure.

• Economic barriers.

  • People cannot afford expensive movies or updated technology.

• Regulatory barriers.

  • Import laws/customs, trade agreements, media contracts/providers delay diffusion.

People adapt their food preferences to conditions in the environment…

• Example:

  • Asia - Rice in the milder, moist regions and wheat in drier regions of Asia.

  • Europe - Italy uses quick frying food because of their fuel shortages and Northern Europe slow stewing and roasting foods because they had more timber.

A restriction imposed by a social custom to eat particular plants or animals that are believed to embody negative forces is a taboo.

• Ancient Hebrews forbade eating animals that did not chew their cud or that have cloven feet and fish lacking fins or scales.

• Muslims embrace the taboo against eating pork.

• Hindus embrace the taboo against consuming cattle.

Language

Language - System of communication through speech, collection of sounds with same meaning.

• ## Language Families

  • Collection of languages related by common ancestral language, no recorded history.

    • Nostralic, austric, sino-caucasian, sino-tibetan, indo european, uralic, afro-asiatic,etc.

    • The two largest language families:

      • Indo-European Predominant language family in Europe, South Asia, North America and Latin America.

      • Sino-Tibetan Languages spoken in China and other smaller countries in Southeast Asia. No single Chinese language. Mandarin Chinese is the most- used language on earth and the official language of the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan.

    • Languages of Southwest Asia and North Africa and Central Asia

      • Afro-Asiatic Arabic is a major language. Official language in 24 countries of S.W. Asia and North Africa. One of the six official languages in the U.N.

      • Altaic - Most speakers are Turkish. It became the official language of many countries that formed after the Soviet Union collapsed, Ex: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan.

      • Niger-Congo

        • Swahili First language of 800,000 people. Official language of Tanzania. Spoken by 30 million Africans, the language used to speak with outsiders from different villages.

• Language Branches

  • Collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language. Differences are not as significant or as old as between families, several thousand years ago.

    • Indo-iranian, germanic, baltoslavic, romance

  • Indo-European Branches

    • Germanic branch Primarily in northwestern Europe and North America. There are two: High and Low Germanic subgroups. English is a Low Germanic group. Also predominant in Northern and Western Europe.

    • Indo-Iranian branch - Spoken primarily in South Asia. Most speakers of the language branch. Subdivided into eastern group (Indic) and western group (Iranian).

    • Balto-Slavic branch - Spoken primarily in Eastern Europe.

      • East Slavic and Baltic Groups: Most widely used language is Russian followed by Ukrainian and Belarusan.

      • West and South Slavic Groups: Most spoken west Slavic language is Polish followed by Czech and Slovak, while the most widely spoken south language is Serbo-Croatian.

    • Romance branch - Spoken primarily in southwestern Europe and Latin America. Most widely used are Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian.

      • Regions where spoken languages tend to correspond to the political boundaries of Spain, Portugal, France, and Italy.

    • Modern English has evolved from three Germanic tribes invading the British Isles.

      • Angles- from southern Denmark

      • Jutes- from northern Denmark

      • Saxons- from northwestern Germany

      • Over time, others invaded England and their languages influenced the basic English.

      • Vikings from present-day Norway

      • Normans from present-day Normandy in France spoke French.

      • First successful colony was Jamestown, VA, in 1607.

• ## Language Groups

  • Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display similar grammar and vocabulary, within the branch, that are traceable.

    • ⅔ of the world speaks a Indo-European or Sino-Tibetan language

    • Proto-Indo European germanic, romance, baltoslavic, indo iranian’s origin, possibly began in turkey

    • Nomadic warrior theory hypothesis - diffuse through warfare and conquest

    • Sedentary farmer theory - diffuse through peaceful sharing of food

    • ## US Dialects by hans kurath:

      • New england from english settlers

      • Southeastern ½ from southeast england, others from other diversity of countries and class

      • Midlands most diverse, quakers from north of england, scots, irish, german, dutch, swedish immigrants

      • Soft drinks are called different names in different areas of the U.S.

    • ## US Settlements:

      • East, new england puritans from east anglia, SE europe, little northern europeans

      • South east colonies SE europe

      • Midlands pennsylvania, quakers, scots and irish, german, dutch, swedish immigrants

Conflicts because of language:

• Northern Belgium (flemings - dutch dialect) vs southern belgium (walloons - french)

  • Conflict in signs, cultural affair, public health, urban development, french is official state language, germanic vs romance languages.

• Switzerland has no language conflict and a decentralized gov so locals have power.

• 527 languages in nigeria

• Basque lang faces change, has been isolated for centuries

• Hebrew has been revived and changed to fit modern language.

Universalizing Religions

• Christianity: 2.1 billion

  • Roman Catholicism southwest and east Europe, Latin America

  • Protestantism in northwestern Europe and US, North America

  • Orthodoxy in eastern and southeastern Europe

    • Canada-protestant and catholix, US-mormons and baptist, North/Midwest US- lutherans

    • Hierarchical diffusion by emperor constantine in roman empire, relocation diffusion by missionaries and travellers along sea and trade

    • Christian churches in center of town, tallest building

    • Bury dead in cemeteries

    • Origin: Bethlehem by Jesus

• Islam: 1.5 billion

  • Sunni: SW asia, north africa, 83%, voted in their leader

  • Shiite: Iran, Azerbaijan, iraq, oman, bahrain, 16%, bloodline succession

  • Most muslims: #1 indonesia, #2 pakistan, bangladesh, india

    • Muhammad’s successor’s conquests spread Islam, relocation diffusion in Sub saharan Africa and SE asia, military conquests from Umayyad is contagious diffusion, missionaries to Sub-Saharan Africa is relocation diffusion

    • Mosques for community assembly, cardinal directions,

      • minarets, muezzin, not sanctified

    • Bury dead in cemeteries

    • 5 pillars of faith

    • Origin: mecca by muhammad

• Buddhism: 376 million

  • East and SE Asia

  • Mahayana: china, japan, korea, 56%

  • Theraadav: cambodia, laos, myanmar, sri lanka, thailand, 38%

  • Vajrayana: tibet, mongolia, 6%

    • Diffuse slow, along trade routes, emperor Asoka aids in magadha empire, relocation, contagious, and hierarchical

    • Pagodas with tall multiple towers and balconies, contain relics of buddha, now worshipped

    • Four noble truths

    • Origin: nepal by siddartha gutama

• Sikhism: 20 million

  • Gurudwaras represent places of worship

    • Combines hinduism and islam, founded by Guru Nanak

    • Most sacred site is golden temple

    • Bury dead, soul is not dead so no mourning

Ethnic Religions

• Hinduism: 1 billion

  • Cremate and burn bodies in ganges river

  • Largest ethnic religion, most in india

    • Holy books include the Vedas, Bhagavad Geeta, and Upanishads

    • Monotheistic religion with many forms

• Animism

  • Inanimate objects or natural events like disasters have spirits, common in Africa.

    • Judaism

      • First abrahamic religion, ⅖ Israel, ⅖ US

      • Bury dead in cemeteries

      • Western wailing wall, last wall of solomon's temple

      • Body must be buried and touching earth, Jerusalem running out of space to bury.

      • Dome of rock where abraham prepared isaac sacrifice

      • founder: abraham

• Chinese religions: 800 million

  • North china, mongolia

    • Confucianism by confucius, taoism by lao-tzu

      • balance , order, and roles in society

Ireland catholics vs protestants:

• Small fraction of Ireland joined the UK in 1937. 46\% are protestant like the UK and the other half is Catholic.

• Belfast (their capital) is highly segregated and Catholics are looked down upon.

• Northern Ireland is protestant. The rest, in the south, is where the Catholic majority lies.

Israel conflicts:

• Jews consider Jerusalem holy promise land. Musilms believe muhammad ascended there and conquered land during the 7th century. Chrsitians believed Jesus’ death and resurrection occurred there.

• Fighting between Palestinians and Jews.

Africans and Hispanics cluster in cities:

• Chicago - West and south sides have a high percentage of Africans.

• Los Angeles - Africans are prominent in the south central region. Hispanics are in the east and Asians are in the south and west.

African migration in US:

• Interregional migration from the southern United States to northern cities in the early 20th century.

• Intraregional migration from inner-city ghettos to outer cities and suburbs in the late 20th century.

• Southern Africans experienced Jim Crow Laws

  • Ex: They have to sit in the back of buses.

Sri lanka discrimination:

• Sinhalese: 74\%, migrated from India and converted to Buddhism

• Tamil: 16\%, migrated from India and they practice Hinduism

• Moors: Ethnic Arabs from SW Asia who practice Islam

Kurds:

• Sunni muslims speaking