exam 3

1. In the United States, the dominant sources of energy are (in decreasing order of

contribution)

a.) natural gas ≈ coal > petroleum > nuclear energy

b.) nuclear > natural gas ≈ coal > petroleum

c.) petroleum > natural gas ≈ coal > nuclear

d.) petroleum > nuclear > natural gas ≈ coal

(≈ means approximately equal to)

2. Energy is used in the United States for (in decreasing order of consumption):

a.) Transportation > electricity generation > industrial uses (not including electricity)

> residential and commercial non-electrical uses

b.) Electricity generation > industrial uses (not including electricity) > residential and

commercial non-electrical uses > transportation

c.) Electricity generation > transportation > industrial uses (not including electricity)

> residential and commercial non-electrical uses

d.) Electricity generation>industrial uses (not including electricity) > transportation >

residential and commercial non-electrical uses

For each of the sources of energy listed below, indicate whether the majority of the fuel is

used for a single type of use (e.g., transportation) or whether the fuel has multiple uses:

3. PetroleumA

4. CoalA

5. Natural gasB

6. Nuclear energyA

a.) More than half of this source of energy is used for a single application

(Transportation, electricity generation, industrial uses (non-electricity generation),

residential and commercial non-electrical uses

b.) This source of energy is used in multiple applications and no single application

uses more than half of the energy supplied

7. Electricity generation in the US is very efficient, with more than 90% of the energy

from fuel burned converted into electricity

a. true b. false

8. Inefficiencies in the use of energy (wasted energy)

a.) Is negligible

b.) Amounts to about 5% of US energy use

c.) Amounts to about 50% of US energy use

9. In the United States, the dominant use of petroleum is

a.) transportation

b.) electricity production

c.) residential uses

d.) industrial (non-electricity generation) uses

10. Natural gas produced anywhere in the world is easily transported to regions where

energy is needed

a.) True b.) False

11. Hydraulic fracturing (fracking)

a.) Is a method of extracting natural gas from geological formations with low porosity

b.) Is a method of extracting natural gas from geological formations with high porosity

c.) Is a method of hydroelectric power generation

For each of the following 6 questions, indicate whether the statement applies to shale oil

and gas resources, conventional (traditionally produced) oil and gas resources, both shale

oil and gas resources, and neither shale oil and gas

12. Many of the formations from which this oil and gas is produced have naturally high

permeabilityB

13. The geological formations are sometimes referred to as “source rock”A

14. Production of these resources first began around 2005 and has grown rapidly sinceA

15. Wells are spaced very close togetherA

16. The geological resources are located only in the United StatesD

17. Large scale production is occurring almost exclusively in the United StatesA

a. shale oil and gas resources

b. conventional (traditionally produced) oil and gas resources

c. both shale and conventional oil and gas resources

d. neither shale nor conventional oil and gas resources

18. Environmental impacts of shale gas and oil production include all of the following

EXCEPT:

a. Water quantity

b. Water quality

c. Seismicity

d. Greenhouse gas emissions

e. All of the above are environmental impacts of natural gas production

19. The carbon intensity of natural gas (amount of CO2 released per amount of energy

provided when a fuel is burned) as a fuel is less than coal

a. true b. false

20. The carbon intensity (amount of CO2 released per amount of energy provided when a

fuel is burned) of a fuel is the only factor that influences the greenhouse gas impacts of a

fuel

a. true b. false

The following 7 questions are based on IPCC assessments

21. Greenhouse gases:

a. have a net positive radiative forcing with low uncertainty

b. have a net positive radiative forcing with high uncertainty

c. have a net negative radiative forcing with low uncertainty

d. have a net negative radiative forcing with high uncertainty

22. Aerosols (atmospheric particles):

a. have a net positive radiative forcing with low uncertainty

b. have a net positive radiative forcing with high uncertainty

c. have a net negative radiative forcing with low uncertainty

d. have a net negative radiative forcing with high uncertainty

23. In the past century average global temperatures have increased:

a. about one degree Centigrade

b. about 10 degrees Centigrade

c. have not increased

24. The extent of warming over the past century, and in projections over the next century

a. is greatest over land

b. is lower over northern polar regions

c. is greatest over the oceans

d. is uniform over the Earth’s surface

25. The costs associated with not acting on climate change have been estimated (by the

UK) to be:

a. Much less than the cost of acting (expressed as a percentage of world GDP)

b. About the same as the cost of acting (expressed as a percentage of world GDP)

c. Much more than the cost of acting (expressed as a percentage of world GDP)

26. Changes induced by large anthropogenic emissions of global warming gases will:

a. Drive changes in planetary temperatures for hundreds of years

b. Will drive changes in phenomena such as ocean circulation for a thousand

years or more

c. Will be reversed within a few decades if emissions are controlled

d. a. and b.

e. a. and c.

27. The IPCC recently released a summary of observed changes in Earth’s surface

temperatures over the 20th century and the first part of the 21st century. Most of the

planet showed warming, with the notable exception of the North Atlantic, just south and

east of Greenland. Which of the following is NOT true about this extensive area of

cooling?

a. It is strong evidence that global warming is not occurring

b. It is consistent with an overall planetary warming

c. It can be attributed to ice sheet melting and cooler melt waters

d. May be an indicator of changes in thermohaline circulation

28. The average material use per person in the United States is currently:

a. A pound or two per day

b. About ten pounds per day

c. Hundreds of pounds per day

d. Thousands of pounds per day

29. The dominant materials used in the United States are:

a. Paper and other forms of biomass

b. Biomass and fuels

c. Sand, gravel (minerals) and fuels

d. Sand, gravel (minerals) and biomass

30. Stock accumulation in industrialized economies:

a. Is typically much less than 1% of total material flows

b. Is typically 5-15% of total material flows

c. Is typically more than half of total material flows

31. Most materials in the United States are used once, then thrown away

a. true b. false

32. Material use in industrial economies

a. is much greater than in agrarian economies

b. is much less than in agrarian economies

c. is sometimes greater and sometimes less than in agrarian economies, depending

on which industrialized country we are referring to

33. Kalundborg:

a. Is a city in Denmark where industries extensively use wastes as raw materials

b. Is an isolated example that has not been replicated elsewhere

c. both of the above

34. Which of the following is included in the life cycle of a product:

a. Raw material extraction

b. Manufacturing

c. Use

d. Recycling

e. All of these activities are part of the life cycle of a product

35. A functional unit for a product:

a. Is a basis for comparing alternative products that perform the same function

b. Is always unambiguously defined

c. Rarely influences the comparisons between products

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

1. In the United States, the dominant sources of energy are (in decreasing order of contribution) a.) natural gas

$\approx$

coal > petroleum > nuclear energy b.) nuclear > natural gas

$\approx$

coal > petroleum c.) petroleum > natural gas

$\approx$

coal > nuclear d.) petroleum > nuclear > natural gas

$\approx$

coal (

$\approx$

means approximately equal to) 2. Energy is used in the United States for (in decreasing order of consumption): a.) Transportation > electricity generation > industrial uses (not including electricity) \

’s surface 25. The costs associated with not acting on climate change have been estimated (by the UK) to be: a. Much less than the cost of acting (expressed as a percentage of world GDP) b. About the same as the cost of acting (expressed as a percentage of world GDP) c. Much more than the cost of acting (expressed as a percentage of world GDP) 26. Changes induced by large anthropogenic emissions of global warming gases will: a. Drive changes in planetary temperatures for hundreds of years b. Will drive changes in phenomena such as ocean circulation for a thousand years or more c. Will be reversed within a few decades if emissions are controlled d. a. and b. e. a. and c. 27. The IPCC recently released a summary of observed changes in Earth

’s surface temperatures over the 20th century and the first part of the 21st century. Most of the planet showed warming, with the notable exception of the North Atlantic, just south and east of Greenland. Which of the following is NOT true about this extensive area of cooling? a. It is strong evidence that global warming is not occurring b. It is consistent with an overall planetary warming c. It can be attributed to ice sheet melting and cooler melt waters d. May be an indicator of changes in thermohaline circulation 28. The average material use per person in the United States is currently: a. A pound or two per day b. About ten pounds per day c. Hundreds of pounds per day d. Thousands of pounds per day 29. The dominant materials used in the United States are: a. Paper and other forms of biomass b. Biomass and fuels c. Sand, gravel (minerals) and fuels d. Sand, gravel (minerals) and biomass 30. Stock accumulation in industrialized economies: a. Is typically much less than 1% of total material flows b. Is typically 5-15% of total material flows c. Is typically more than half of total material flows 31. Most materials in the United States are used once, then thrown away a. true b. false 32. Material use in industrial economies a. is much greater than in agrarian economies b. is much less than in agrarian economies c. is sometimes greater and sometimes less than in agrarian economies, depending on which industrialized country we are referring to 33. Kalundborg: a. Is a city in Denmark where industries extensively use wastes as raw materials b. Is an isolated example that has not been replicated elsewhere c. both of the above 34. Which of the following is included in the life cycle of a product: a. Raw material extraction b. Manufacturing c. Use d. Recycling e. All of these activities are part of the life cycle of a product 35. A functional unit for a product: a. Is a basis for comparing alternative products that perform the same function b. Is always unambiguously defined c. Rarely influences the comparisons between products d. All of the above e. None of the above 36. Which of the following is considered a renewable energy source?C
a.) Natural gas
b.) Coal
c.) Solar power
d.) Nuclear energy

37. Global conventional oil and gas resources are:A
    a.) Concentrated in a few regions globally
    b.) Evenly distributed across all continents
    c.) Found primarily in North America
    d.) Rapidly depleting without new discoveries

38. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodology for assessing environmental impacts associated with all stages of a product's life from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling.A
    a.) True
    b.) False

39. The primary goal of a Circular Economy is to:B
    a.) Maximize resource extraction and production
    b.) Keep resources in use for as long as possible, extract the maximum value from them whilst in use, then recover and regenerate products and materials at the end of each service life.
    c.) Export waste to developing countries
    d.) Convert all waste into energy