Structure and Function

*Muscle=Contractile tissue

*Muscle cells are called fibers

3 muscle types and their functions:

  • Skeletal (striated)- voluntary movement (walking, talking, etc.)

  • Smooth - involuntary movement (digestion, etc.)

  • Cardiac - heart contraction (to propel blood)

Bones - functions

  • Provide a framework to support and protect the body

  • Point of attachment with muscles

    • Ligaments and tendons

  • Store calcium and other minerals

  • Produce blood cells within bone marrow

Hematopoiesis

*poiesis = forming production

Two division

  • Axial = pertaining to an axis

  • Appendicular = pertaining to an appendage

Appendage - any body part attached to a main structure

Axial Skelton - tan

Appendicular skeleton - blue

4 types of Bone Shapes

  • Short: wrist (carpals) and ankles (tarsals)

  • Irregular: vertebrae and middle ear

  • Flat: skull, shoulder blades, sternum

  • Long:

Bone Features

Diaphysis - shaft, or long portion, of the bone

Distal and proximal epiphysis - expanded ends of the bone

Periosteum - outer membrane

Bone Cells

  • Osteoclast: secrete acids to dissolve bones (clast=fragment)

  • Osteoblast: builds new bone (bone forming)

  • Osteocytes: mature bone cells, maintain tissue

Bone formation

Osteogenesis-Formation of bone tissue

• Also called ossification

•Osteoblasts create bone matrix by deposition of calcium

Surface features of bone - muscle and ligament attachment

  • Projections - trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity

  • Articulating surfaces (projection that forms a joint) - condyle, head

  • Depressions and Openings - foremen, fissure, meats, sinus

Types of fractures

  • Closed- bone is broken but no open wound in the skin

  • Open- bone breaks through skin

  • Complicated- extensive soft tissue injury such as a broken rib piercing the lung above

  • Comminuted- bone is crushed into several pieces

  • Impacted- broken ends of a bone are force into one another

  • Incomplete- line of fracture does not include the whole bone

  • Greenstick- bone is broken only on one side, commonly occurs most in children because growing bones are soft

  • Collies fracture- distal radius is broken by falling onto an outstretched hand