STS

Science - Is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge, Carl Sagan.

- Scientia, Latin, knowledge or understanding.

Empiricism - Reliance on empirical evidence gained through observation/experimentation. Objectivity - Objective and unbiased.

- Beliefs and interpretation do not influence the results.

Systematic Observation - Systematic and organized observations to identify patterns and trends. Hypotheses Testing - Clear and testable hypotheses to test and gather evidence.

Reproducibility - Findings should be replicable by others to ensure reliability and validity of experimental results.

Openness and Transparency - Scientist should be open about their methods, data, and results.

- Transparency for scrutiny and verification of findings.

Falsifiability - Theories and hypotheses must have a potential difference that could prove them wrong. Unfalsifiable or untestable claims.

Peer Review - Scientific research is subject to scrutiny by the scientific community established before publication.

Theory Development - Theories that explain and predict phenomena; well-substantiated explanations supported by extensive evidence.

Cumulative in Nature - Building on existing theories and discoveries. - New findings contribute to expansion of new understanding.

Technology - Technology refers to the systematic application of scientific or mathematical knowledge to practical tasks.

Technology and Society: Social Networks, Work, and Inequality.

- Greek, tekhne, logia, art and study.

Problem Solving - Developed to address specific problems and challenges.

- Innovative solutions to improve effectiveness and efficiency.

Improving Quality of Life - Enhances quality of life of individuals by providing tools, devices, and solutions for overall well-being.

Innovation and Creativity - Encouraging the development of new ideas, products, and services pushing the boundaries of what’s possible.

Efficiency and Productivity - Aims to streamline processes, automate tasks, and increase overall efficiency and productivity.

Communication and Connectivity - For local and global scales, fostering collaboration, information sharing, and interconnectedness.

Advancing Scientific Knowledge - Provides tools for research, experimentation, data analysis, and simulations.

Accessibility and Inclusivity - Make resources, information, and opportunities more accessible to diverse population and reducing disparities.

Education and Learning - Has transformative aims in education, providing new tools and platforms, collaboration, and knowledge dissemination.

Entertainment and Leisure - Aims to enhance experiences through innovations in gaming, VR, multimedia, and other digital content.

Society - A society is a group of people who shape their lives in aggregated and patterned ways that distinguish their group from others.

Introduction to Sociology. - Societas, Latin, companionship or association.

Social Structure - Organized patterns of relationships and interactions. - It includes institutions, social roles, and hierarchies.

Culture - Shared beliefs, values, customs, language, and expressions.

- Shapes how individuals perceive the world and influences behavior.

Institutions - Established structures and mechanisms that fulfill specific societal functions.

Norms and Values - Norms, unwritten rules pr expectations.

- Values, fundamental beliefs or principles.

- These two are moral and behavioral framework.

Language - Key element of communication.

- Carrier of cultural values and knowledge.

Economy - Determines how resources are produces, distributed, and consumed.

Government and Politics - Determines how decisions are made and authority is exercised. - Laws and policies.

Socialization - A process which individuals learns norms, values, and behaviors.

Interdependence - Members of a society are interdependent, relying on one another. - Interconnectedness is fundamental.

Community and Social Groups - Composed of smaller social groups and communities that provide social support and identity.

Moving in Lockstep: Science, Technology, and Society - Science and Technology revolutionize our lives, but memory, tradition and myth frame our response, Arthur Schlesinger. Interdependence of Science and Technology

Shared Objectives - Science seeks to understand the natural world. - Technology aims to apply the understanding for practical purposes.

Innovation Catalyst - Discoveries often catalyze technological innovations, pushing the boundaries of what is possible.

Feedback Loop of Progress - Generates new questions, driving scientific inquiry, scientific discoveries inspire technological solutions – cycle.

Cross-Pollination of Ideas - Scientists and technologists collaborate, sharing expertise to solve complex problems.

Data-Driven Advancements - Relies on data and scientific methods provide the means for improvements.

Technological Tools for Scientific Exploration - Relies on advanced tools and instruments developed through technology to expand research scope.

Technological Platforms for Scientific Communication - Internet and digital platforms facilitate dissemination of knowledge, connecting researchers.

Societal Impacts of Science and Technology Healthcare Advancements - Breakthroughs in medical science and technology leas to improved diagnostics, treatments, and healthcare enhancing human lives.

Economic Transformation - Drives economic growth by creating new industries, generating jobs, and increasing productivity.

Quality of Life Improvements - Contributes to improved living standards, providing conveniences and amenities enhancing quality of life.

Environmental Sustainability - Contributes to eco-friendly technologies, promoting sustainability, and addressing environmental challenges,

Energy Transition - Contributes to the transition to renewable energy resources, addressing climate change and promoting sustainable energy practices.

Antecedents of Science and Technology in the World A. In the Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages The First People - Scientific evidence suggests that modern humans spread from Africa to other lands and gradually developed ways to adapt to their environment. Anthropologists - Study culture, examine artifacts. Archaeologists - Finds left traces then date and analyze the objects found. Human Evolution • Early Hominins o 7 – 4.4 million years ago o Ape-like traits: small cranial capacity, small canines used more for eating than hunting. • Australopithecines o 4.4 – 1.4 million years ago o Name means, southern ape o Stood upright and walked on two legs o Brain was 1/3 of modern humans • Homo o 2 million years ago o Homo Habilis ▪ Name means, handy man. ▪ Used crude stone tools for chopping and scraping. ▪ Brain was ½ of modern humans. o Homo Erectus ▪ Name means, upright man. ▪ Used early stone tools, hand ax. ▪ Learned to control fire. o Homo Sapiens ▪ Name means, wise man ▪ Same species as modern humans. ▪ Used a wide range of tools, create fire, developed language. Neanderthals - Extinct species of hominids that were the closest relatives to modern human beings. - Interbred with modern humans, - Had bigger brains than humans. Three-Age System 1. Stone Age (2.5 mya – 3000 BC) - Weapons were made of stone, wood, bone, and etc. aside from metals. - Subdivided by John Lubbock; Paleolithic, Nelolithic. - Stone tool deposits overlying those from Paleothic, De Mortillet (1883). - Termed as Mesolithic, John Allen Brown (1892). Paleolithic Age - 2.5 million to 10,000 years ago - Nomads - Sheltered under rocks or caves. - Hunter-gatherers - 1 st tools: crude chipped stones - Later tools: wood and bone - Nets form plant fiber and animal sinew. Mesolithic (Middle Stone) Period - Gradual change in the way humans lived, retreat from glaciers and growth of forests and deserts. - People fish in rivers and lakeshore, make pottery, and use bow. - From food gathering to agriculture production. - Stone tools (microliths), smaller and delicate – polished stones such as chisels, drills, saws (Neolithic). Neolithic (New Stone) Age - Also called, Agricultural Revolution. - Marked the transition in human history from nomadic bands of hunter-gatherers to larger, early civilization. - Allows: - Sedentary lifestyle - Cooperation and group effort o Job specialization - Social hierarchies/classes - Population growth 2. Bronze Age (3000 – 1200 BC) - First civilization to start adding tin to copper to make bronze. - Bronze, harder and more durable than copper; metal used for tools and weapons. - Copper to bronze, 3300 BC. - Invention of bronze ended Stone Age. 3. Iron Age (1500 BC – 450 AD) o Use of iron became more widespread after people learned how to make steel, by heating iron with carbon. o Hittites, who lived during bronze age, first to make steel. o Bog bodies, corpses that have been naturally mummified or preserve in peat bogs. Middle Ages - Begins with the fall of Western Roman Empire (476 AD), and ends with the fall of Easter Roman Empire (1453 AD). - Catholic church, most powerful institution of medieval period. - Feudalism o Feudal system, way of organizing society into different groups based on their roles. - King, ruled and protected the country. - Barons, given high rank by the king who has land and power. - Knights, fought for the king and country. - Peasants, did all the work like farming. - Crusades - Series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. - Black Death - Pandemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in mid-1300s. - Plague arrived in Europe in October 1347, when 12 ships from the Black Sea docked at the Sicilian port of Messina. - Caused increased international trade, rising urban populations, lack of medical knowledge. - Black plague – God’s Punishment? Renaissance - A period of rebirth. - Cultural movement that began in Florence, Italy, later spread in Europe (1350 - 1600). - People experience changes in art and learning. - Encouraged curiosity, investigation, discovery, modern day knowledge. - Humanism - Promoted the idea that man was the center of its own universe, people should embrace human achievements in education, classical arts, literature, and science. - Printing Press - 1450, Gutenberg printing press. - Allowed for improved communication, ideas spread quickly. o Gutenberg Bible, first substantial book printed in West with moveable metal type. Scientific Revolution - Mid-1500s, scientist began to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation. - Questioning led to development of the scientific method. - 1300 – 1600 = time of great change in Europe. - Renaissance inspired curiosity in many fields. - Scholars began to question ideas. - Reformation prompted scholars to challenge accepted ways to think about God, another revolution in European thought had begun. The Roots of Modern Science - Before 1500, scholars decided what was true or false by referring to: Ancient Greek/Roman authors, the Bible The Medieval View - The earth was: immovable and the center of universe. - Everything revolved around the Earth, geocentric theory. - Aristotle’s Idea - Ptolemy expanded the theory. - Christianity taught that God had placed the earth at center. Heliocentric Theory - Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543) - Planets and stars revolved around the sun. Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630) - Expanded Copernicus’ ideas. - Proved that planets revolved around the sun elliptically. Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626) - Urged scientist to experiment and draw conclusions. - Not rely on medieval scholar - Empiricism Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650) - I think, therefore, I am - Believed everything should be doubted until proven by reason. Scientific Method - A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) - Built on new theories about astronomy. - Wrote Starry Messenger. - Described his observations from his selfmade telescope. - Challenged by the church because it supported heliocentric theory and it went against church teaching. Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727) - Law of Gravity - Believed all physical objects were affected equally by the same forces. - Universal gravitation, every object in the universe attracts every other object. - Argues for a universe governed by natural laws. Scientific Revolution Spreads: Astronomers – explores the secrets of universe. Scientific Instruments: • Zacharias Janssen – compound microscope, first microscope. • Evangelista Torricelli – barometer • Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit – thermometer • Andreas Vesalius – structure of human body (1543) Scientific Processes: • Edward Jenner – British physician, introduced vaccine to prevent small pox. Industrial Revolution (18th Century) - Started when agricultural societies became more industrialized and urban. - Railroad, cotton gin, electricity changed society. - Power-driven machinery was developed. - Causes: Agrarian Revolution o Farmers improved livestock breeding and created better varieties of crops. o Made planting grain more efficient, seed drill. o Enclosure movement o Crop rotation - Population Growth o Greater food supply led to a population boom o Poor farmers moved in cities. - Energy Revolution o Physical labor of humans and animals provided energy for work, which change when people began to harness water and coal. o 1769, James Watt, Steam Engine powered by coal. Advances in Industrial Revolution Textiles - Flying shuttle – John Kay, wove cloth quickly. - Spinning Jenny – James Hargreaves, could spin 16 threads at once. - Water frame – Richard Arkwright, faster water-powered spinner. - Spinning mule – Samuel Crompton, fastest and produced best thread. Factories - Place where workers and machines are brought together to produce large quantities of goods. Mass Production - System of manufacturing large numbers of identical items: Interchangeable parts, Assembly line Transportation - 1800s George Stephenson developed steampowered locomotives. - 1807 Rober Fulton used Watt’s steam engine to power a boat up. • 1712 – Steam Engine • 1764 – Spinning Jenny • 1769 – improved Steam Engine • 1794 – cotton gin • 1844 – telegraph • 1846 – sewing machine • 1853 – elevator safety break • 1855 – Bessemer Method • 1866 – dynamite • 1870 – vaccines for diseases • 1876 – telephone • 1879 – light bulb to light a lamp • 1883 – Brooklyn Bridge opens • 1903 – powered airplane flight • 1908 – Model T, type of car Effects of Industrial Revolution Urbanization – movement of people to cities. Poor Working Conditions – work was monotonous and boring, but dangerous and unhealthy. New Class Structure – upper class, upper middle class, lower middle class, working class. Industrial Melanism - A proportional increase of dark or melanin pigments caused by changes in the environment resulting from industrial pollution. 18th to 20th Century - Shifted to developmental stage during the 10th century when STS united at a common ground and cause • Classification 1735 – C. Linnaeus • Immunization 1796 – E. Jenner • Cellular Biology 1839 – T. Schwann • Evolution 1859 – C. Darwin & A. Wallace • Genetics 1866 – G. Mendel • Medicine 1878 – J. Lister • Genetics 1902 – Boveri-Sutton • Hematology 1902 – K. Landsteiner • Medicine 1928 – A. Fleming • Genetics 1953 – J. Watson • Genetics 1990 – F. Anderson • Genetics 2001 Discovery. Information Age - Changed from traditional industry to an economy based on information computerization (digital/new media age). - Before the rise of computers, information was being spread using printout materials. - Gutenberg Revolution - Democratizing effects of the invention of the printing press. - Democracy was born. - Post-Gutenberg Revolution - Emergence of the internet and www - Rise of Digital Age - Computers, by Charles Babbage - Internet, 1960 by Vinton Cerf and Rober Kahn. Comprehensive network of computers. - World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee 1990. Collection of web pages.