Untitled Flashcards Set

-habitat Refers to the physical and biological environmental factors of an ecosystem that affect the organisms living there.

-niche Includes the range of physical and biological conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce.

-symbiosis Describes the interdependent relationship between two species.

-commensalism A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped.

-parasitic A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed.

-mutualism A relationship in which both species benefit.

A bee and a flower.

- mutualism

Fleas that live on dogs or cats.

-parasitic

-keystone species A species that plays a vital and unique role in maintaining structure, stability, and diversity in an ecosystem.

-primary succession The type of succession that occurs on bare rock, where there are no remnants of an older community

-secondary succession The type of succession that occurs when some members of the older community remain

-climax community The final stage of succession, remaining relatively unchanged until destroyed by an event such as fire or human interference.

- biodiversity The total of all genetically-based variation in all organisms in the biosphere.

-species diversity The number and relative abundance of species found in a given biological organization

-ecosystem diversity The variety of different habitats, communities and ecological processes.

-genetic diversity The sum of genetic information contained in the genes of individual plants, animals, and microorganisms.

Looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. How do you know?

-The cell lacks a nucleus.

Which of the following is NOT found in the nucleus?

-mitochondria.

Which organelle breaks down organelles that are no longer useful?

-lysosome

Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into usable energy?

-mitochondrion

Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?

-regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell

The cell membrane contains channels and pumps that help move materials from one side to the other. What are these channels and pumps made of?

-proteins

Diffusion occurs because

-molecules constantly move and collide with each other.

An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes

-water to move into the cell.  

Which means of particle transport requires input of energy from the cell?

-active transport

The cells of unicellular organisms are

-able to carry out all of the functions necessary for life.

What list represents the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to the most complex level?

- cell, tissue, organ, organ system

Which of the following is NOT a principle of the cell theory?

- Very few cells are able to reproduce.

Which type of microscope can produce three-dimensional images of a cell’s surface?

-scanning electron microscopes

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?

- contains DNA

Which structure makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus?

-ribosome

During diffusion, when the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the molecules will

-continue to move across the membrane in both directions.

Which term describes the relatively constant internal physical conditions of an organism?

-homeostasis

What are the three parts of an ATP molecule?

-adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups

Energy is released from ATP when

- a phosphate group is removed.

Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called

-autotrophs.

Which of the following organisms is a heterotroph?

-mushroom

Plants get the energy they need for photosynthesis by absorbing

- energy from the sun.

Most plants appear green because chlorophyll

-does not absorb green light.

Where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll found?

-in the thylakoid membrane

What is the function of NADP+ in photosynthesis?

-electron carrier

Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into

-oxygen and high-energy sugars.

Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?

-within the thylakoid membranes

What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?

-ATP, NADPH, and oxygen gas

Plants gather the sun’s energy using molecules called

-pigments.

Why are electron carriers needed for transporting electrons from one part of the chloroplast to another?

-High-energy electrons are highly reactive.

Which of the following is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?

-fermentation 

Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires

-oxygen.

Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to

-mitochondria.

The products of photosynthesis are the

-reactants of cellular respiration.

In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in the

-inner mitochondrial membrane.

Cellular respiration uses 1 molecule of glucose to produce approximately

-36 ATP molecules.

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in

-muscle cells.

Breathing heavily after running a race is your body’s way of

-repaying an oxygen debt.  

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

-glycolysis → Krebs cycle → electron transport

Which process does NOT release energy from glucose?

-photosynthesis

The air bubbles and spongy texture of bread are due to which process?

-alcoholic fermentation

All of the following are sources of energy for humans during exercise EXCEPT

-alcoholic fermentation.

An advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that sexual reproduction

-provides genetic diversity.

When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?

-only during cell division

During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell that has four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing

-four chromosomes.

When cells are grown in a laboratory, which factor can stop normal cells from dividing?

-contact with other cells

Cells grown in a petri dish tend to divide until they form a thin layer covering the bottom of the dish. If cells are removed from the middle of the dish, the cells divide until they fill the empty space. What does this experiment show?

-The controls on cell growth and division can be turned on and off.

During early development, all cells in the embryo of a multicellular organism are identical. Later in development, the cells become specialized through a process called

- differentiation.

The rate at which wastes are produced by a cell partially depends on the cell’s

- ratio of surface area to volume.

When during the cell cycle is a cell’s DNA replicated?

- S phase

Compared to small cells, large cells have more trouble

- moving needed materials in and waste products out.

Which of the following happens when a cell divides?

- Each daughter cell receives its own copy of the parent cell’s DNA.

If a pea plant’s alleles for height are tt, what is true of its parents?

- Both parents contributed a recessive allele.

When one allele is not completely dominant over another, this is an example of

- incomplete dominance. .

A cross of a black chicken (BB) with a white chicken (WW) produces all speckled offspring (BW). This type of inheritance is known as

-codominance.

Variation in human skin color is an example of

-polygenic traits.

Which of the following shows that the environment can affect genetic traits?

-Hydrangea flower color varies with soil pH.

Gametes have

- one allele for each gene

A mule is the result of a cross between a donkey and a horse. A mule is a

- hybrid.

A tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt). If the tall F1 pea plants are allowed to self-pollinate,

-the offspring can be tall or short.

The principles of probability can be used to

- predict the traits of the offspring of genetic crosses.

A heterozygous tall pea plant is crossed with a short plant. The probability that an F1 plant will be tall is

- 50%.

Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be

- homozygous.

What principle states that during gamete formation genes for different traits separate without influencing each other’s inheritance?

- principle of independent assortment

If an organism’s diploid number is 12, its haploid number is

- 12 .

Gametes are produced by the process of

- meiosis.

What do bacteriophages infect?

-bacteria.

What did Avery conclude caused transformation?

-DNA was the transforming factor.

Because of base pairing in DNA, the percentage of

-thymine molecules in DNA are about equal to the percentage of adenine  molecules

What structural problem prevents adenine from pairing with guanine?

-The bases are both long.

What would Hershey and Chase have concluded if both radioactive ³²P and ³⁵S were found in the bacteria in their experiment?

- Both the virus’s protein coat and its DNA were injected into the bacteria.

Which scientist made x-ray diffraction photos of DNA?

-Franklin

DNA replication results in two DNA molecules,

- each with one new strand and one original strand.

In eukaryotes, DNA

- is located in the nucleus.

What binds to the prokaryotic chromosome to start DNA replication?

- regulatory proteins

Why did Hershey and Chase label the viral DNA with radioactive phosphorus and not radioactive sulfur?

- DNA contains phosphorus and no sulfur.

What happened when Griffith injected mice with the harmless, R-strain bacteria alone?

- The mouse lived.

What did Griffith observe when he injected a mixture of heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria and live harmless bacteria into mice?

- The mice developed pneumonia.

What happens when a piece of DNA is missing?

- Genetic information is lost.

Which of the following could make up one nucleotide found in DNA?

- deoxyribose + phosphate group + cytosine

Based on Chargaff’s rule, if the percentage of cytosine is 21.5% in chicken DNA, the percentage of guanine bases in chicken DNA should be around

- 21.5%

During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases

- GATCCA.

Which of the following are found in both DNA and RNA?

- phosphate groups, guanine, and cytosine

What is produced during transcription?

- RNA molecules

During eukaryotic transcription, the molecule that is formed is

- complementary to part of one strand of DNA.

There are 64 codons and 20 amino acids. Which of the following is true?

-Several different codons can specify the same amino acid.

A promoter is a

- binding site for RNA polymerase.

During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide depends on the

- codon on the mRNA and the anticodon on the tRNA.

In eukaryotes

-Transcription takes place in the nucleus, and translation takes place in the cytoplasm.

Which of the following is the name of a type of chromosomal mutation AND a type of gene mutation?

- deletion

What are some characteristics of polyploidy plants?

-They tend to be bigger and stronger than diploid plants.

A lac repressor turns OFF the lac genes by

-binding to the operator.

What regulates the expression of most eukaryotic genes?

-transcription factors

Hox genes

-determine the location of a dog’s ears.

Which type of RNA brings the information in the genetic code from the nucleus to other parts of the cell?

-mRNA

From which molecules are mRNA molecules transcribed?

- DNA

How many nucleotides are needed to specify three amino acids?

- 15

Which is the correct sequence of the transfer of information in most organisms?

-DNA to RNA to protein