Psychology Lecture 8: Introduction to Memory

Definition of Memory

  • Memory is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
    • Encoding: Converting information into a storable form; attention is crucial.
    • Storage: Maintaining information in memory.
    • Retrieval: Locating and using stored information.

Functions of Memory

  • Provides continuity to our consciousness.
  • Enables adaptation to situations.
  • Enriches emotional life.

Types of Memory

  • Sensory memory
  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory

Sensory Memory

  • First and lowest level of memory.
  • Automatic and effortless.
  • Briefly holds a large amount of perceptual information (up to a second).
  • Stores exact sensory experience.
  • Auditory sensory memory lasts about 3-4 seconds.
    • Visual sensory memory: Iconic memory.
    • Auditory sensory memory: Echoic memory.
    • Touch sensory memory: Haptic memory.

Short-Term Memory

  • Second stage of memory.
  • Limited storage capacity (7 +/- 2 items).
  • Information held from a few seconds to about 25 seconds unless rehearsed.

Working Memory

  • Similar to short-term memory; involves short-term storage.
  • Allows manipulation of material in short-term memory.
  • Integrates perceived information with existing knowledge.

Rehearsal

  • Maintenance rehearsal: Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory.
  • Elaborative rehearsal: Organizing and integrating new information with long-term memory.

Long-Term Memory

  • Stores enormous amounts of information accurately (hours to years).
  • Elaborative rehearsal moves information from short-term to long-term memory.
  • Information must move to short-term memory to become conscious.

Forgetting

  • Inability to retrieve stored information.
    • Ineffective encoding (lack of attention).
    • Decay Theory: Memories fade over time.
    • Retrieval failure: Lack of retrieval cues.
    • Interference Theory: Memories interfere with each other (proactive & retroactive).

Interference

  • Proactive interference: Old memories interfere with new memories.
  • Retroactive interference: New memories interfere with old memories.

Improving Memory

  • Good study habits (schedule, optimal study times, quiet environment).
  • Overlearning: Studying beyond initial mastery.
  • Distributed practice vs. massed practice.
  • Mnemonic devices: Techniques to organize information for easier memorization.