Grade.12.Physics.Module1
Page 1: Publication Information
Title: FLUIDS DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION GRADE 12 MODULE 1
Published by: Flexible Open and Distance Education, Papua New Guinea
Year: 2017
Page 2: Contributors
Writer: Crispy Labaya
Editors:
Content Editors: Science Department, Subject Review Committee
Language Editor: Dr. Mirzi. L. Betasolo
Course Format Editor: Elizabeth. W. Aimundi
Page 3: Module Overview
GRADE 12 PHYSICS MODULE 1: FLUIDS
Topics Covered:
12.1.1: Fluid Static
12.1.2: Fluid Dynamics
Page 4: Acknowledgement and Copyright Info
Copyright © 2017, Department of Education Papua New Guinea. All rights reserved.
Acknowledgement to contributing teachers and staff of FODE.
Special gratitude to Mr. Demas Tongogo, former Principal of FODE.
Page 5: Table of Contents
Acknowledgement & ISBN - Page 2
Contents Overview - Page 3
Secretary’s Message - Page 4
Module Topics and Page Numbers:
Course Introduction - Page 5
Learning Outcomes & Time Frame - Page 6
Fluid Static - Pages 7 - 35
Fluid Dynamics - Pages 36 - 44
Summary and Answers - Page 45 - 52
References - Page 53
Page 6: Secretary's Message
Importance of curriculum and delivery for student success.
Emphasis on student-centered learning outcomes.
Alignment with National Education Plan (2005 – 2014).
Mission to improve access to education for all citizens, including disadvantaged groups.
Page 7: Module Introduction
Definition of Fluid:
No permanent resistance to deforming forces, characterized by a tendency to flow.
Classifications:
Liquids: Molecules are close but free to move, maintaining a fixed volume.
Gases: Molecules are far apart, expand to fill available space.
Distinction between fluid statics (fluids at rest) and dynamics (fluids in motion).
Page 8: Learning Outcomes
After this module, students will:
Explain density, pressure, Pascal's law, Archimedes Principle, and surface tension.
Solve problems related to buoyancy and fluid dynamics.
Suggested timeframe to complete: 10 weeks, 3 hours daily.
Page 9: Fluid Statics
Study of fluids at rest; hydrostatics for liquids, aerostatics for gases.
Applications: Atmospheric pressure changes, floating objects, water surface behavior.
Page 10: Density and Pressure
Three states of matter: solids, liquids, gases.
Density (ρ) = mass (m) / volume (V).
Units: kg/m3 or g/cm3; relationship with temperature.
Page 11: Measuring Density
Calculate density using mass and volume measurements.
Examples of measurements and calculated densities.
Page 12: Specific Gravity
Specific gravity defined as the ratio of density to that of water.
No units but equivalent to density in g/cm3.
Page 13: Pressure in Solids and Applications
Definition of pressure: force per unit area.
Illustrations of pressure applications (e.g., drawing pins, sharp knives).
Page 14: Pressure in Liquids
Pressure in a fluid increases with depth, applied in all directions.
Page 15: Calculating Pressure in a Liquid
Formula: P = ρgh for pressure at a depth h in a fluid.
Page 16: Learning Activity 1
Definitions and problems to practice understanding density, pressure, and specific gravity.
Page 17: Pascal’s Law
Principle that pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally throughout.
Page 18: Hydraulic Systems
Application of Pascal's principle in hydraulic jacks and brakes.
Page 19: Archimedes Principle
Principle describing buoyancy: an object in fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to displaced fluid weight.
Page 20: Measurement of Density
Use of Archimedes principle for measuring density of irregular objects.
Page 21: Hydrometers
Instruments for measuring the densities of liquids using buoyancy principles.
Page 22: Learning Activity 2
Questions regarding Pascal's Principle and examples based on hydraulic systems.
Page 23: Volume and Density Displacement
Further exploration of buoyancy and the effect of volume on floating behavior.
Page 24: Buoyant Force Calculations
Emphasis on the relationship between buoyant force and fluid displacement.
Page 25: Example Calculations
Worked examples demonstrating application of Archimedes principle in different scenarios.
Page 26: Characteristics of Bubbles
Effects of surface tension on bubbles, highlighting surface pressure differences.
Page 27: Surface Tension & Effects
Definition and significance of surface tension in liquids.
Page 28: Capillary Action
Explanation of capillary action and its applications in everyday life.
Page 29: Surface Tension Calculations
Examples of calculating forces due to surface tension in various scenarios.
Page 30: Effects of Cohesion and Adhesion
How these forces contribute to surface tension effects and practical applications.
Page 31: Calculation Guidelines
Guidelines for calculations involving fluid dynamics and surface tension.
Page 32: Properties of Droplets
Relationship between surface tension and droplet formation.
Page 33: Examples and Principles
Worked examples demonstrating principles of surface tension in real-world contexts.
Page 34: Final Tests
Questions designed to assess understanding of fluid principles.
Page 35: Fluid Dynamics Introduction
Overview of fluid dynamics and its relevance to real-world applications.
Page 36: Flow Types
Definitions and explanations of different flow types in fluid dynamics.
Page 37: Continuity Equation
Statement of the continuity equation for incompressible fluid flow.
Page 38: Bernoulli’s Equation
Introduction to Bernoulli’s principle and applications in engineering.
Page 39: Application of Bernoulli Equation
Examples demonstrating application of Bernoulli's equation in various fluids.
Page 40: Learning Activity 5
Questions and problems focused on applying Bernoulli’s principle in practical situations.
Page 41: Conducting Activities
Observations and insights gained from the learning activities to deepen understanding.
Page 42: Fluid Dynamics Applications
Application of fluid dynamics in real-life scenarios.
Page 44: Summary of Principles
Revision of fluid principles covered and implication for assessment preparation.