Unit 4 The Race to Diagnose

Organic Molecules

Elements of Life: Everything is fueled by nutrients. These are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.

  • Gain nutrients by eating and digesting.

Organic Molecule

Elements

Function in Animals

Function in Plants

Examples

Carbohydrates

  • Carbon

  • Hydrogen

  • Oxygen

  • Source of quick energy

  • Cell surface markers (something our immune system looks like)

  • Source of energy

  • Structure

  • Grains

  • Milk

  • Sugar

  • Wheat bread

  • Fruit

Lipids (fats)

  • Carbon

  • Hydrogen

  • Oxygen

  • Energy storage

  • Cell membranes

  • Steriods

  • Making cell membranes - Divide the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell.

  • Phospholid

  • Trigylyceride

  • Cholestrol

Nucleic Acids

  • Carbon

  • Hydrogen

  • Oxygen

  • Nitrogen

  • Phosphorus

  • RNA

  • DNA

  • Transmit genetic information

  • RNA

  • DNA

  • Transmit genetic information

  • DNA

  • RNA

Proteins

  • Carbon

  • Hydrogen

  • Oxygen

  • Nitrogen

  • Structure in cells

  • Regulate processes

  • Transport

  • Fight disease

  • Structure in cells

  • Regulate processes

  • Transport

  • DNA

  • Peptide bond

Energy Production (summary of the notes)

Carbohydrates- 4 calories of energy per gram

Lipids- 9 calories of energy per gram

Proteins- 4 calories of energy per gram

Respiration Notes

Aerobic Respiration:

  • The process our mitochondria undergo to generate energy.

  • Occurs in the mitochondria

  • Requires oxygen

  • Byproducts: Produces carbon dioxide & water

  • Output: Releases a lot of ATP energy

Three stages: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC (Electron Transport Chain)

Anaerobic Respiration:

  • Occurs in the cytoplasm

  • Does not require oxygen

  • Byproducts: Produces lactic acid

  • Output: Releases very little ATP

  • The process the body uses to get energy when there is no oxygen.

  • Glycolysis is possible without oxygen, but its products have to be broken down.

Open-Ended Answers

  • Cellular respiration is important for all living organisms since it is where organisms get energy for the respiratory life process.

  • The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to make cellular respiration possible, which is the process cells use to create energy, such as ATP.

Experimental Question: Which muscle fiber type is most utilized to cycle matter and energy during a 5k race?

Claim:

Slow-twitch fibers are the most used during a 5k race.

Evidence:

5k races require long endurance. Slow-twitch fibers use oxygen through aerobic respiration. They make energy and can work for a long period of time without getting tired. Meanwhile, fast-twitch fibers get tired more quickly and are used for short, fast movements like sprinting.

Reasoning:

Slow-twitch fibers are better for endurance activities because they rely on aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to produce energy slowly but efficiently. During a 5k race, the body needs quick supplies of energy over a longer time. Slow-twitch fibers are most utilized because they support long-duration exercise.

Notes on Homoestasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body despite changes in the external environment.

  • Responsible for managing:

    • Temperature

    • Fluids

    • Blood pressure

    • pH - amount of acid in the blood'

    • Immune response

    • Gases - Oxygen & etc

Three types of systems working together

Sensors

Control Centers

Communication Systems

Protens that collect data and relay information down the chain. Many different receptors in the body work together to make a full picture.

The brain or spine that processes information and sends responses back through the communication systems.

Nerves or hormones in the blood that send messages throughout the body.

Negative feedback- A system that reverses or counteracts the changes

  • Example: Body temp regulation (sweating when hot, shivering when cold).

Positive feedback- A system that further changes the system away from normal

  • Example: Childbirth contractions and blood clotting.