chapter-3-practice

Chapter 3 - Cognitive Development

Page 2

  • Perception and Cognitive Skills

    • Perception involves sensory information and cognitive skills.

    • Skills include problem-solving, communication, and answering questions.

  • Challenge in California

    • Designing a motorized vehicle for a 55-mile course.

    • Winning vehicle traveled at 7 miles per hour.

Page 3

  • Computer Face Recognition

    • Computer efficiency in recognizing human faces.

    • Efficiency decreases with children's faces.

  • Perception Challenges

    • Difficulty in determining objects on the retina.

    • Challenges in making judgments in baseball scenarios.

Page 4

  • Viewpoint Recognition

    • Ability to recognize objects from different perspectives.

    • Example of invariance.

  • Processing Steps

    • Sequence from image on retina to neural processing.

    • Example of bottom-up processing.

Page 5

  • Reaction to Misidentified Drink

    • Maria's negative reaction due to top-down processing.

    • Surprised by the misidentified orange juice.

  • Postal Service Machines

    • Machines' limitations in reading unclear addresses.

    • Human workers' success attributed to top-down processing.

Page 6

  • Speech Segmentation

    • Defining speech segmentation.

    • Organizing speech sounds into words.

  • Role of Top-Down Processing

    • Examples showing the influence of top-down processing in perception.

    • Identifying objects in unexpected contexts.

Page 7

Finding Faces in a Landscape

  • Perceiving rocks as a face makes it hard to see them differently

    • Due to prior knowledge

Unconscious Inference

  • Some perceptions stem from unconscious assumptions

  • Theory developed by Helmholtz

Theory of Unconscious Inference

  • Includes the likelihood principle

  • Notable for its difficulty

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Likelihood Principle

  • States we perceive the most likely object from stimuli

  • Key concept in object perception

Gestalt Psychologists

  • Focus on understanding how elements create sensations

  • Not about identifying neurons

Perceptual Organization

  • Small objects grouped to form larger ones

  • Principle of perceptual organization

Law of Good Continuation

  • Helps perceive a single strand from coiled rope

  • Aids in object perception

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Law of Similarity

  • Bands in similar uniforms perceived as grouped

  • Demonstrates perceptual experiences

Law of Pragnanz

  • Every stimulus pattern seen as simple as possible

  • Relates to Gestalt laws

Law of Good Figure

  • Refers to perceiving stimuli in a simple structure

  • Key Gestalt law

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Law of Similarity in Gestalt

  • Affects perception of foreign language speech

  • Demonstrates how Gestalt laws work

Gestalt Law in Olympic Rings

  • Simplicity contributes to perceiving interlocking circles

  • Shows the importance of Gestalt principles

Physical Regularities

  • Oblique effect and light-from-above assumption are examples

  • Angled orientation is not a physical regularity

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Oblique Effect

  • Vertical and horizontal orientations perceived more easily

  • Demonstrates principles of object perception

Textured Wall Example

  • Illustrates the light-from-above heuristic

  • Shows how perception is influenced by context

Semantic Regularities

  • Office and department store scenes have more details

  • Due to modern society's knowledge

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Palmer's Experiment

  • Context influences perception

  • Demonstrates the impact of surroundings

Gauthier's Experiment

  • Shows experience-dependent plasticity

  • Training influences neuron responses

Experience-Dependent Plasticity

  • Neurons respond differently after training

  • Demonstrates adaptability of the nervous system

Page 13

  • Brain Ablation Technique

    • Involves removing part of the brain

    • Known as brain ablation

  • Experimental Task

    • Amhad's task involves choosing between target object and another object

    • Choosing target object leads to a reward

    • Task is object discrimination problem

  • Landmark Discrimination Problem

    • More difficult with damage to parietal lobe

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  • Pathways in the Brain

    • Striate cortex to parietal lobe: where pathway

    • Striate cortex to temporal lobe: what pathway

    • Damage to temporal lobe makes object discrimination problem more difficult

  • Study of Human Behavior with Brain Damage

    • Known as neuropsychology

Page 15

  • Perception and Action Pathways

    • Perception pathway corresponds to what pathway

    • Action pathway corresponds to where pathway

  • Challenges in Designing Perceiving Machines

    • Bottom-up and top-down processing involved in human perception

    • Principles making it difficult to design machines like humans

  • Object Perception

    • Humans better at object perception due to laws of perceptual organization

    • Gestalt principles aid in identifying obscured objects

  • Brain Pathways and Cognitive Abilities

    • Object discrimination and landmark discrimination problems show different brain pathways

    • Damage to lobes affects task difficult