Momentum, Energy, Matter, Sound Waves, and Voice
Momentum and Inertia
Flashcard 1
Q: What happens to an object’s ability to stop when mass or speed increases?
A: It becomes harder to stop.
Flashcard 2
Q: Why does increasing mass make an object harder to stop?
A: More mass increases momentum and inertia.
Flashcard 3
Q: Why does increasing speed make an object harder to stop?
A: Greater speed increases momentum.
Flashcard 4
Q: What is momentum?
A: Mass in motion.
Flashcard 5
Q: What two factors determine momentum?
A: Mass and velocity (speed).
Flashcard 6
Q: What is inertia?
A: An object’s resistance to changes in motion.
Flashcard 7
Q: What must be overcome to achieve momentum?
A: Inertia.
Work (Scientific Definition)
Flashcard 8
Q: What is the scientific definition of work?
A: When a force is exerted over a distance.
Flashcard 9
Q: Is work done if force is applied but no movement occurs?
A: No.
Three States of Matter
Solid
Flashcard 10
Q: What are the shape and volume properties of a solid?
A: Maintains both shape and volume.
Flashcard 11
Q: How do particles behave in a solid?
A: Tightly packed with little movement.
Flashcard 12
Q: Does a solid change shape at a constant temperature?
A: No, it remains the same shape and volume.
Liquid
Flashcard 13
Q: What are the shape and volume properties of a liquid?
A: Maintains volume but conforms to the shape of its container.
Flashcard 14
Q: How do particles behave in a liquid?
A: Constant random motion with random arrangement.
Flashcard 15
Q: Do liquids flow?
A: Yes, they flow and change shape to match their container.
Gas
Flashcard 16
Q: What are the shape and volume properties of a gas?
A: Does not retain shape or volume; expands to fill its container.
Flashcard 17
Q: How do particles behave in a gas?
A: Spread far apart, constant random motion, minimal attraction to each other.
Flashcard 18
Q: Why is gas behavior important in speech production?
A: Exhaled air fills the entire vocal tract.
SOUND WAVES
Basic Concepts
Flashcard 1
Q: What is vibration?
A: A back-and-forth motion; oscillation.
Flashcard 2
Q: What is equilibrium?
A: A state where a system remains at rest unless acted upon (Newton’s law).
Flashcard 3
Q: What is a wave?
A: A disturbance that travels through a medium and transfers energy.
Types of Waves
Flashcard 4
Q: What is a longitudinal wave?
A: A wave where particle motion is parallel to the direction of travel (sound waves).
Flashcard 5
Q: What is a transverse wave?
A: A wave where particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of travel (has crests and troughs).
Compressions & Rarefactions
Flashcard 6
Q: What is a compression?
A: Air particles tightly packed together.
Flashcard 7
Q: What is a rarefaction?
A: Air particles spread apart (less dense).
Properties of Sound Waves
Flashcard 8
Q: What is frequency?
A: How often air molecules vibrate; how often compressions and rarefactions repeat.
Flashcard 9
Q: What unit measures frequency?
A: Hertz (Hz).
Flashcard 10
Q: What is periodicity?
A: The time between neighboring compressions and rarefactions.
Flashcard 11
Q: What is intensity?
A: A measure of a sound wave’s power.
Flashcard 12
Q: What unit measures speech intensity?
A: Decibels (dB).
Flashcard 13
Q: How is the dB scale measured?
A: On a logarithmic scale.
Wavelength & Frequency
Flashcard 14
Q: What is wavelength?
A: The distance traveled by one vibration cycle (compression to compression).
Flashcard 15
Q: How are wavelength and frequency related?
A: Higher frequency (higher pitch) = shorter wavelength. Lower frequency (lower pitch) = longer wavelength.
Sound Speed & Medium
Flashcard 16
Q: How does the medium affect sound speed?
A: Sound travels faster in less dense, more elastic materials.
Flashcard 17
Q: Does sound travel faster in solids or air?
A: Solids, due to strong molecular bonds.
Flashcard 18
Q: How does temperature affect sound speed?
A: Sound travels faster in warmer temperatures.
Perception of Sound
Flashcard 19
Q: What determines our perception of pitch?
A: Frequency.
Flashcard 20
Q: What determines our perception of loudness?
A: Intensity.
Flashcard 21
Q: Are human ears equally sensitive to all frequencies?
A: No, they are less sensitive to lower frequencies.
Pure vs Complex Tones
Flashcard 22
Q: What is a pure tone?
A: A tone with one frequency.
Flashcard 23
Q: What is a complex tone?
A: A tone with more than one frequency.
Flashcard 24
Q: What is fundamental frequency (Fo)?
A: The lowest frequency in a complex tone.
Periodic vs Aperiodic Sounds
Flashcard 25
Q: What are periodic sounds?
A: Sounds with repeating patterns.
Flashcard 26
Q: What are aperiodic sounds?
A: Sounds without a specific repeating frequency.
Wave Interactions
Flashcard 27
Q: What happens when two waves are in phase?
A: Compressions and rarefactions reinforce → greater intensity.
Flashcard 28
Q: What happens when two waves are out of phase?
A: They cancel each other out → reduced sound or silence.
Resonance & Standing Waves
Flashcard 29
Q: What is resonance?
A: Increased vibration amplitude when force is applied at an object’s natural frequency.
Flashcard 30
Q: What is a standing wave?
A: A wave formed when a reflected wave interferes with an incident wave.
Harmonics
Flashcard 31
Q: What are harmonics?
A: Higher resonant frequencies that are multiples of Fo.
Flashcard 32
Q: What is the first harmonic?
A: The fundamental frequency (Fo).
Flashcard 33
Q: What is the second harmonic?
A: 2 × Fo (first overtone).
Flashcard 34
Q: What is the third harmonic?
A: 3 × Fo (second overtone).
Forced Vibration
Flashcard 35
Q: What is forced vibration?
A: When a vibrating object causes another object to vibrate.
Flashcard 36
Q: What is a resonator?
A: The second object set into vibration.
RESPIRATION
Anatomy Locations
Flashcard 37
Q: Where are the lungs located?
A: In the thoracic cavity.
Flashcard 38
Q: Where is the diaphragm located?
A: Between the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Flashcard 39
Q: Where is the trachea located?
A: Inferior to the larynx and superior to the bronchi.
Flashcard 40
Q: Where are the vocal folds located?
A: Inside the larynx.
Flashcard 41
Q: Where is the pharynx located?
A: Posterior to the oral cavity.
Flashcard 42
Q: Where is the oral cavity located?
A: Anterior to the pharynx.
Inhalation & Exhalation
Flashcard 43
Q: What happens during inhalation?
A: Diaphragm and external intercostals contract, ribcage elevates, lung volume increases, pressure drops, air flows in.
Flashcard 44
Q: What happens during exhalation?
A: Lung pressure becomes higher than outside, ribcage lowers, muscles relax, air flows out.
Boyle’s Law
Flashcard 45
Q: What does Boyle’s Law state?
A: Air flows from high pressure to low pressure.
Flashcard 46
Q: What happens to pressure when volume decreases?
A: Pressure increases.
Flashcard 47
Q: What happens to pressure when volume increases?
A: Pressure decreases.
Lungs
Flashcard 48
Q: What are lungs made of?
A: 90% air and 10% tissue (blood vessels, collagen, elastin fibers).
Flashcard 49
Q: Why is lung elasticity important?
A: It allows expansion and return to original shape.
VOICE
Anatomy & Location
Flashcard 1
Q: Where is the esophagus located relative to the trachea?
A: Posterior to the trachea.
Flashcard 2
Q: Where is the epiglottis located?
A: Superior to the larynx.
Flashcard 3
Q: Where are the vocal folds located?
A: Inside the larynx.
Flashcard 4
Q: Where are the arytenoids located?
A: Superior to the cricoid cartilage.
Flashcard 5
Q: Where is the thyroid cartilage located?
A: Anterior to the larynx.
Flashcard 6
Q: What is the glottis?
A: The space between the vocal folds.
Vocal Fold Positioning
Flashcard 7
Q: What do vocal folds look like when abducted?
A: Open position.
Flashcard 8
Q: What do vocal folds look like when adducted?
A: Closed position.
Structure of the Vocal Folds (3 Layers)
Flashcard 9
Q: What is Layer 1 of the vocal folds called?
A: The Cover.
Flashcard 10
Q: What makes up the Cover layer?
A: Epithelium + superficial lamina propria (mucosa, collagen, elastin).
Flashcard 11
Q: What is Layer 2 of the vocal folds called?
A: The Transition.
Flashcard 12
Q: What makes up the Transition layer?
A: Vocal ligament (intermediate and deep lamina propria).
Flashcard 13
Q: What is Layer 3 of the vocal folds called?
A: The Body.
Flashcard 14
Q: What makes up the Body layer?
A: Vocalis (thyroarytenoid) muscle.
Vocal Fold Vibration
Flashcard 15
Q: Is vocal fold vibration active or passive?
A: Passive.
Flashcard 16
Q: What causes vocal fold vibration?
A: Airflow from the lungs.
Flashcard 17
Q: What do the muscles of the vocal folds actually do?
A: Position and tense the folds (they do NOT repeatedly open and close them).
Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory
Flashcard 18
Q: What does the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory explain?
A: How vocal fold vibration occurs.
Flashcard 19
Q: What two forces are involved in the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory?
A: Elastic forces of the vocal folds and aerodynamic forces (Bernoulli effect).
Flashcard 20
Q: What is the Bernoulli effect?
A: Increased airflow speed results in decreased pressure, helping pull the folds back together.
Three Functions of the Vocal Folds
Flashcard 21
Q: What is the first function of the vocal folds?
A: Protect the airway during swallowing.
Flashcard 22
Q: What is the second function of the vocal folds?
A: Produce voicing.
Flashcard 23
Q: What is the third function of the vocal folds?
A: Provide mechanical advantage for pushing/lifting (build subglottal pressure).
Viscoelasticity
Flashcard 24
Q: What is elasticity in the vocal folds?
A: Ability to spring back after being displaced.
Flashcard 25
Q: What is viscosity?
A: Resistance to flow (how well a fluid flows).
Flashcard 26
Q: Which layer of the lamina propria has low viscosity?
A: The superior (superficial) layer.
Flashcard 27
Q: What is viscoelasticity?
A: The combination of elasticity and viscosity affecting vibration.
Factors That Affect Pitch (Frequency)
Flashcard 28
Q: How does longer vocal fold length affect pitch?
A: Vibrates more slowly → lower pitch.
Flashcard 29
Q: How does shorter vocal fold length affect pitch?
A: Vibrates faster → higher pitch.
Flashcard 30
Q: How does increased mass (thicker folds) affect pitch?
A: Slower vibration → lower pitch.
Flashcard 31
Q: How does decreased mass (thinner folds) affect pitch?
A: Faster vibration → higher pitch.
Flashcard 32
Q: How does increased tension affect pitch?
A: Faster vibration → higher pitch.
Flashcard 33
Q: How does decreased tension affect pitch?
A: Slower vibration → lower pitch.
Flashcard 34
Q: Which muscle plays a major role in increasing vocal fold tension?
A: Cricothyroid muscle.
INSTRUMENTATION TERMS
Acoustic Measures
Flashcard 1
Q: What is jitter?
A: Nonvolitional variability in fundamental frequency (Fo) during sustained vowel phonation.
Flashcard 2
Q: What does increased jitter indicate?
A: Instability in vocal fold vibration frequency.
Flashcard 3
Q: What is shimmer?
A: Short-term variability in the amplitude of the acoustic waveform.
Flashcard 4
Q: What does increased shimmer indicate?
A: Instability in vocal fold vibration amplitude.
Aerodynamic Measure
Flashcard 5
Q: What is maximum phonation time (MPT)?
A: The longest duration a person can sustain a vowel on one deep breath at comfortable pitch and loudness.
Flashcard 6
Q: What does reduced MPT suggest?
A: Possible respiratory or glottal inefficiency.
Vocal Fold Lesions & Efficiency
Flashcard 7
Q: How does a lesion on a vocal fold affect glottal efficiency?
A: It decreases efficiency.
Flashcard 8
Q: Why does a vocal fold lesion reduce glottal efficiency?
A: Prevents complete closure, increases mass, alters flexibility.
Flashcard 9
Q: What are the consequences of reduced glottal efficiency?
A: Air leakage, asymmetric vibration, increased respiratory effort, reduced acoustic output.
Flashcard 10
Q: What happens energetically when glottal efficiency is reduced?
A: More aerodynamic energy produces less sound.
Spectrogram
Flashcard 11
Q: What is a spectrogram?
A: A three-dimensional visual display of sound.
Flashcard 12
Q: What does the horizontal axis of a spectrogram represent?
A: Time.
Flashcard 13
Q: What does the vertical axis represent?
A: Frequency.
Flashcard 14
Q: How is intensity shown on a spectrogram?
A: By darkness (darker = greater intensity).
Flashcard 15
Q: What can be analyzed using a spectrogram?
A: Formants, harmonics, voicing patterns.
VOWELS
Source-Filter Theory
Flashcard 16
Q: What does the source-filter theory explain?
A: Speech production as a two-stage process.
Flashcard 17
Q: What is the sound source in source-filter theory?
A: The vocal folds.
Flashcard 18
Q: What is the resonator in source-filter theory?
A: The vocal tract.
Flashcard 19
Q: What are harmonics?
A: Frequencies generated by the vocal folds (multiples of Fo).
Flashcard 20
Q: What are formants?
A: Frequencies amplified by the vocal tract.
Flashcard 21
Q: What determines harmonics?
A: The sound source (vocal folds).
Flashcard 22
Q: What determines formants?
A: Shape and configuration of the vocal tract.
Vocal Tract Boundaries
Flashcard 23
Q: What are the boundaries of the vocal tract?
A: From the vocal folds (glottis) to the lips and nares.
Flashcard 24
Q: What cavities make up the vocal tract?
A: Pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities.
Flashcard 25
Q: What is the function of the vocal tract?
A: Acts as the acoustic resonator that shapes speech sounds.
Formants & Tongue Position
Flashcard 26
Q: What is F1 related to?
A: Tongue height.
Flashcard 27
Q: How does tongue height affect F1?
A: Higher tongue → lower F1. Lower tongue → higher F1.
Flashcard 28
Q: What is F2 related to?
A: Tongue advancement.
Flashcard 29
Q: How does tongue position affect F2?
A: Front tongue → higher F2. Back tongue → lower F2.
Identifying Formants on a Spectrogram
Flashcard 30
Q: Where is F1 located on a spectrogram?
A: Lower frequency dark band.
Flashcard 31
Q: Where is F2 located on a spectrogram?
A: Higher frequency dark band above F1.