APUSH Units 1-5

PERIOD 1

  • Maize — corn grown by Natives in SW US and Mexico

  • Great Plains and Great Basin — Lack of resources in central US lead to nomadic lifestyle

  • Columbian Exchange — Exchange of goods, ideas, diseases between Europe, Africa, Americas

    • Affected Americas via…

      • Guns and horses transforming native life

      • Spread of diseases (SMALLPOX)

      • Creation of racially mixed populations (eg Mestizos — Native and Eur. ancestry)

    • Affected Europe via…

      • Population growth as a result of potatoes, maize

      • Shift to capitalism

    • Affected Africa via…

      • Introduction of the slave trade

        • Spanish and Portuguese were the firstt to engage in W. Africa

  • Spanish Colonization

    • Encomienda system — royal grant of land from Spain to settlers — in return, settlers would “Christianize” natives

      • Phased out with introduction of African slaves

      • De Las Casas HATED this shit

  • Natives and Africans sought to preserve autonomy after contact by Europeans

PERIOD 2

  • English Colonies

    • New England (Mass…)

      • Est. by Puritans seeking like-minded community/religious freedom (for themselves)

        • Disagreeing would get you kicked out (eg Anne Hutchinson, disagreed w/ John Winthrop in Mass.)

      • Agriculture + commerce

    • Middle Colonies (NY, Penn…)

      • Grew cereal crops

      • Very diverse — a lot of religious tolerance

    • Chesapeake Colonies (Maryland, Virginia)

      • Grew tobacco

        • First by indentured servants, replaced by African slaves

        • BIG on profit

    • Southern Colonies/West Indies

      • Grew staple crops (eg sugar)

        • BIG on slave labor

          • Africans could make up a majority of pop.

          • STRICT slave codes

  • Pueblo Revolt (1680)

    • Native revolt in SW US

      • ES wanted to end “unchristian” native practices

        • Got expelled for over 10 years (!!)

        • Spain eventually regained control and desired relig. assimilation of Natives

  • Anglicization of British Colonies: colonies act British due to trans-Atlantic printing, commercial ties, etc

  • Enlightenment

    • Focus on reason, intelligence

    • Questioning forms of gov’t,. esp. monarchy

      • John Locke: Consent of the Governed

      • Thomas Paine’s Common Sense (1776)

        • “Why should a tiny island across the sea [govern our colony]?”

  • Mercantilism

    • Engaging in trade in a way that benefits the mother country

      • In this case, GB benefiting from colonies’ raw materials

PERIOD 3

  • Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)

    • British + colonists vs. French + Natives

    • Dispute over claims on North American land

      • GB won → France ejected from North America

    • BIG TURNING POINT

      • Britain is broke due to war costs

        • Begins taxing colonies + ends period of statutory neglect

          • The colonists do not like this

  • Wake up besties new taxes just dropped

    • Britain is broke, needs money, milks colonists for it

      • Sugar Act (1763)

        • Increased duties for non-British imported items

        • Tried to discourage smuggling of sugar, molasses

          • Mostly failed due to colonist smuggling, etc. Wild

      • Stamp Act (1765)

        • Taxed paper goods

        • Colonists formed Stamp Act Congress, boycotted/protested

          • Britain repeals BUT

          • Declaratory Act (1766)

            • “We can do whatever we want, get pwned”

      • 1767 Townshend Acts

        • More taxes on paper, glass, tea…

        • Withdrawn partially in 1770, kept tea tax

          • 1773 Tea Act gave GB unfair adv. in selling tea → Boston Tea Party, same year

    • Generally: widespread dissent re: taxes, Declaratory Act, GB being overbearing.

  • GB/Colony relations

    • Boston Massacre (1770)

      • Killed three + galvanized public outcry against Britain

  • REVOLUTIONARY WAR

    • 1775-1783

    • Begun with Lexington and Concord—”shot heard round the world”; Brits planned to destroy American ammo at Concord (4/1775)

    • Olive Branch Petition (7/1775)

      • Congress’ last ditch attempt to reconcile before war

    • Declaration of Independence (1776)

      • Written by Jefferson, Adams, Franklin

        • Inspired by Common Sense, Enlightenment thinkers (eg Locke)

      • Aired grievances with King George

    • Turnabout: Battle of Yorktown (1781)

    • Ultimately, the US won because:

      • Support from France

        • Won over after Saratoga—turning point (1777)

      • Ideo. commitment

    • And in spite of:

      • GB adv. in military + money

      • Loyalist opposition

  • Articles of Confederation (1777)

    • Weak cent. gov

      • No tax, no nat. military, 9/13 to pass laws, 13/13 to amend

      • 1786 Shays’s Rebellion exposed weakness—occurred in western Mass. due to high taxes

  • Northwest Land Ordinance (1787)

    • To admit states to the Union: 60k+ citizens

    • Banned slavery in NW terr.

    • Est. public education

  • Constitution (1789)

    • Based on Federalism, separation of powers

      • Checks and balances, series of compromises

        • Bill of Rights satisfied Anti-Federalists

        • One house based on pop., one w/ equal representation

          • Latter known as “New Jersey Plan”

          • 3/5 compromise

          • International slave trade outlawed after 1808

    • Postponed solving slavery

  • IMPACT OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION/DEC. OF INDEPENDENCE IDEALS

    • French Revolution (1789-99)

      • Also inspired by Enlightenment ideals

      • Tensions between Hamilton + Jefferson → proper political parties

    • Haitian + Latin American revolutions as well

    • GW’S FAREWELL ADDRESS WARNED AGAINST

      • Foreign Alliances

      • Political Parties

        • Which came about anyways due to tensions between Britain and France

  • Republican Motherhood

    • Women need to raise children to be little republicans; instill values

      • Women gained more education as a result

COTTON GIN CREATED IN 1793, LED TO MASSIVE GROWTH OF SLAVERY

PERIOD FOUR

  • Political Parties — Federalists (Hamilton) vs D-R (Jefferson)

    • Formed in response to Hamilton’s financial plan + French rev.

    • Federalists were upper-class, preferred loose interpretation of Constitution, love Bank of US, trade, + trade w Britain

    • D-Rs were commoners/mid-class, strict interpretation (up to LA Purch.), hate Bank of US but love France + farmers

  • Political Parties — Democrats vs Whigs

    • Whigs hate Jackson (don’t we all), formed in response to him; favor tariffs, strong Congress, BoUS, internal improvements (American System!)

    • Democrats are for the common man, want universal white male suffrage, spoils system, and HATE tariffs

  • Louisiana Purchase (1803)

    • Began manifest destiny

    • Jefferson shifted from strict to loose interp. of Constitution\

  • 19th cent. Supreme Court

    • Marbury v Madison (1803)

      • Est. Judicial Review

    • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

      • Fed. gov controls interstate trade, not states

  • Slavery

    • Seen + defended as positive in the South (eg John Calhoun)

  • Second Great Awakening

    • Inspired many to achieve perfection, often via secular reforms

      • Abolitionism and women’s rights/suffrage (often linked)

  • New Technology

    • Textile machines

    • Steam engine—allowed boats to go against current, increased trade

    • Rise of interchangeable parts (inc. production)

    • Canals (eg Erie)

    • Railroads (ESPECIALLY IN 1840s.), first Transcontinental Railroad finished in 1869.

    • Telegraph

    • McCormick Reaper—agricultural machine

  • American System

    • Bank of United States, Tariffs, Internal Improvements

    • Aimed to unite econ. nationally; mainly connected North + Midwest, leaving out the South

  • Migrants

    • Irish and German

      • Irish in cities, Germans on frontier (farmers)—East + MW

  • Market Revolution

    • Goods now produced outside of the home

    • Changed tech + transport

    • Beginnings of the middle class

    • Women worked (still rare, mainly working class/immigrants)

  • Politics

    • Regional interest > national interest across the board in relation to the American System

    • Fed. Gov’s attempt to assert over states didn’t go over well

      • Nullification Crisis (1832)

        • SC tries to nullify Q. Adams’s “Tariff of Abominations”

        • Calhoun’s “state’s rights” argument

          • SC backs down due to Jackson’s threat to use force + lack of support for other states

    • Missouri Comp (1820)

      • Missouri added as a slave state

      • Maine added as free

      • Below 3630/south of missouri = slave state for LA terr.

      • SHORT-TERM SOLUTION. We love putting slavery off

PERIOD 5

  • Manifest destiny

    • US’ God-given right to expand

      • Based on white + American culture superiority

      • Won Polk the election

  • Mexican-American War (1846-48)

    • Arguably due to manifest destiny

    • Based on idea that Mexico “spilled American blood on American soil”

      • Disputed by Lincoln’s “spot resolutions”

    • Whigs saw it as baseless, cruel land grab (and yeah…)

    • Led to Mexican Cession

      • Wilmot Proviso (1846)

        • Proposed that slavery be banned in new territory, unsuccessful

  • Migrants (cont’d)

    • Irish and German still; pre-CW, considered “old immigrants”

      • rise of anti-Catholic nativist movement—Know-Nothing party

        • Hoped to limit power of immigrants

  • Legislation for US development

    • Homestead Act (1862)

      • 160 acres of land for very little in return for settling + improving land out west

  • Perceptions of slavery

    • South:

      • Positive good—Calhoun

      • Sometimes seen as a good thing via patronization

  • Uh Oh We’re Getting Close To A Civil War Over Slavery!! (or: More Compromises)

    • Compromise of 1850 to address Mexican Cession land

      • Popular sovereignty

      • Stricter Fugitive Slave Law

        • Actually good for North: generated sympathy

      • California admitted as a free state

    • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

      • Steven Douglas proposes popular sovereignty for both states

        • Above 3630 line, overturning 1820 Missouri compromise

        • Voters FLOCK to Kansas

          • Bleeding Kansas—state-level Civil War

            • John Brown killed 5 pro-slavery individuals

    • Dred Scott Decision (1857)

      • African-Americans were not citizens, couldn’t sue

      • Slaves (regardless of status) were property

      • Missouri Comp. was unconstitutional: Congress can’t regulate slavery in the territories

      • Inc. tensions between North + South

  • Rise of the Republican Party

    • Made up of many former Whigs

    • Sectional: N, MW

    • Lincoln ran on a free-soil platform in 1860

  • We got a Civil War (1861-65)

    • Southern Secession after 1860 Lincoln Victory

    • Formally began with Confederate atk on Fort Sumner

    • You can hire draft “substitutes”, if you want (in the North) → NY Draft Riots (1863)

    • Lincoln suspends habeas corpus for the greater good (1863)

    • Gettysburg Address (1863)

      • Not all that important at the time BUT expressed importance of preserving the Union

    • Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

      • Slavery becomes a moral issue

      • Black troops are usable

      • Kept Europe from aiding South

    • Turnabout: Antietam (1862)

    • ULTIMATE Turnabout: Gettysburg (1863)

    • Essentially, the North won as a result of…

      • Military strategy

        • eg Anaconda Plan

      • Resources + people

  • Legislation

    • 13th Amendment (1865)

      • Slavery is illegal

      • Later skirted around by Southern sharecroppers

  • Legislation (Reconstruction ver.)

    • Lincoln’s 10% plan

      • State govt could be re-established if 10% of electorate pledged to Union

      • State leg. had to ratify 13th Amend.

      • Johnson took over after Lincoln’s death and generally mucked it up

    • Black Codes passed in South

      • Restricted socioeconomic prospects for African Americans

    • Radical Republicans in Congress desired to lead reconstruction as opposed to Johnson

      • Established (both over Johnson)

        • Freedman’s Bureau

        • Civil Rights Act (1866)

          • Equal protection under the law

          • African-Americans are citizens

    • 14th Amendment (1868)

      • Passed due to Johnson veto of Civil Rights Act—wished to solidify

      • African-Americans are citizens

      • Overturned Dred Scott

    • Reconstruction Act (1867)

      • South into 5 military zones to ensure enforcement of laws

      • States must also ratify 14th amend + add provision for universal male suffrage

    • 15th Amendment (1870)

      • All adult men can vote

        • Schism in women’s suffrage movement

          • NWSA vs AWSA

            • Anti-15 vs Pro-15

GOOD LUCK!!